Final Exam Review Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
Jahiliyyah
A
Age of ignorance/stupidity, Arabian history of pre-Islam
Heavily polytheistic, iconoclasm, when tribal members married from other tribes they brought idols together, shamanistic
2
Q
Sha’ir
A
Arabic shaman (people who composed poetry and knew all history of tribes and tribal wars, had a special knowledge)
3
Q
Shir
A
poetry, good poet (poets are highly valued in Islam)
4
Q
Name the three gods of Allah from Jahiliyya
A
Al-Lat (the female Allah, recognized as His daughter and His wife)
Al-Manat (goddess of destiny)
Al-Uzza (goddess of fertility)
5
Q
Umma
A
community
6
Q
Shahadah
A
“martyr” (Greek for witness/witnessing)
Means someone who sacrifices themselves for their religion or for someone else
Better to sacrifice self (commit suicide) than be forced to commit acts against Islam
You cannot kill yourself though, it is second degree suicide
If someone is forcing you to worship non-Islam or be killed, you should accept death
This notion is kept more by radicals, modernists interpret differently
“La Ilaha Illa Allah. Wa Muhammad Rasul Allah.”
“There is no God but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God.”
7
Q
Hypercorrection (of Islam to Judaism and Christianity)
A
Muslims believe that Judaism and Christianity are good religions because they worship the same God as in Islam
Muslims believe Judaism is incomplete Islam
Muslims believe Christianity is strange for its many denominations, suspicious that Christianity is not monotheistic because of the Holy Trinity
Muslims believe that Jesus was a Prophet, born from the virgin Mary, the Messiah, but NOT the Son of God. Muslims believe that Jesus is human and not divine. Muslims reject the worship of anyone/thing but God (ex: Jesus, Saints)
8
Q
Jibril
A
angel Gabriel
9
Q
Kaaba
A
Building in the centre of Mecca
Originally a universal temple for all the Arabs during jahiliyya that was filled with idols
Muhammad destroyed all the idols in the Kaaba because Muslims claim that Allah cannot be represented, so idols are prohibited
10
Q
Caliph
A
Successor of a Muslim Emperor, Empire (Muhammad was the first)
11
Q
Ottoman
A
Turkish Islamic Empire
12
Q
1458
A
Turkish Army conquered Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Istanbul is a huge city, situated on two continents (half Europe, hald central Asia)
Belonged to the Byzantine Empire and was Greek speaking before conquered by Turkish
Many Greek-Christians claim that Istanbul/Constantinople was the centre of Christianity
Europeans were scared when Turkey was being colonized by Muslims because they feared how close Muslims were coming to Christians
Turks were very interested with conquering Europe, Empire included Egypt, ARabia and North Africa
Turks never conquered Iran, they prefer to go to the West but the Turks are not interested in Iran
13
Q
1258
A
The Muslim Empire fell apart
Nomadic mongolian soldiers lead by Jinghis Khan (a polytheistic mongolian nomad) invaded the Empire and took it down
14
Q
Muslims ruled the world until…
A
1258
15
Q
Jinghis Khan
A
lead Mongolians
16
Q
Mongolians
A
The number of mongolians was growing and climate was changing, and their population was dense with not enough territory for their people so they attacked the Muslim Empire
They were excellent fighters, known as cruel and efficient, but their weakness: the mongolian empire did not bring any new culture from this war, criticized for ot bringing any new cultural ideology but fighting for resources
Mongolians caused a great amount of damage, the empire was on fire for weeks and became completely demolished
Mongolia also demolished China and now they are associated with Chinese culture
Mongolians brought no culture, intermarried with Muslims and thus became assimilated with Muslims
Natural borders around Empire (ocean, seas, himalayas, desserts, caucasian mountains)
17
Q
Tafsir
A
Explanation of Quran, Interpretation
18
Q
What 3 ways Muslims identity themselves
A
Tribal Identity (identity shared by blood)
This notion will be denied and all will be Muslim and consider themselves bound as family by tribal blood
This aim was never achieved in Islam or Christianity
Religious Identity (identity shared by religion) An ideal Islam, all Muslims consider themselves as brothers and sisters
National Identity (identity shared by nationality, culture)
19
Q
1947
A
New Muslim countries are established (Pakistan and Bangladesh), same year that modern Islam was established
20
Q
2011
A
“Arabic Spring” began
Everyone thought that the whole Islamic world would grow and settle
Gist of problem in Islamic world: produced demographic growth that is unheard of
In the last 100 years, the population in Egypt multiplied by 9
21
Q
al-Fatihah
A
first sutra of the Quran
“Bismillah, al-Rahman and al-Rahim”
Bismillah: in the name of God
al-Rahman: the compassionate
al-Rahim: the merciful
In Arabic, Raham means womb
God feels about humanity the way a mother feels about her baby in the womb
Positive relationship between creator and creature
It is mentioned many times in the Quran that God is loving loving of humans
al-Fatihah: the most important Muslim prayer, always recited at the most important times
22
Q
Umm al-Kitab
A
mother of all books
23
Q
Jinns
A
Parallel world to our: world of the Jinns
Jinns are creatures of God created by smokeless fire, invisible to humans, occasionally interact with humans but typically remain in their own world
Jinns existed during pagan era and jahiliyya, pre-Islamic times
In Islam, they take the existence of Jinns extremely seriously
Islam did not rid everything from jahiliyya, kept some, for example, inns
Muslims never pray to jinns, jinns are like us and not divine
Muslims answer human inclinations to evil and natural disasters by associating them to jinns
24
Q
Iblis
A
Satan (an evil jinn)
25
Quranic Compilation:
| What are the key differences between Quran and Hebrew/Greek Bibles
General Statements
Stories about Prophets
Christian and Jewish tellings of prophets are less emotional and more about their life, thoughts and actions
Hell-Paradise
Islamic explanation of paradise is quite human and materialistic, but many Muslims understand it differently
Using human-like imagery is not literal but metaphorical because it intends to help humans understand the language
Legal Passages (Sura)
Quran includes the most basic form of Islamic law, guidelines applied to changing situation, interpreters discuss legal issues
Islamic law keeps you on the straight path
If you keep Islamic law, you will go to paradise, if not you will go to hell
Islamic law is the jist of Islam
26
Sunna: “tradition”
Second most reliable source of law after the Quran
Islamic Law: If Quran does not contain answers, then Muslims go to the Sunna
It consists of what people observed about how he lived (he loved cats, his favourite drink was water with figs and dates lol)
27
Matn
Body of the text of the Sunna, what is told of Muhammad
The sunna is from a sure source
Before Matn is a long list of names of which the matn was passed down from
28
Silsila or Isnad
Chain of Transmission
Chain of people who told the story
Before Matn is a long list of names of which the matn was passed down from
29
Asab
someone who lived with Muhammad
30
Hadith
Means "news, novelty"
Each individual story in the sunna is called a hadith. It consists of what the prophet said, did and thought
31
Shi’a
means“party”
(shi’a ali: party of Ali) (10% of Muslims)
Shi’a Muslims believed that the ruling should stay in Muhammad’s family and the closest male of bloodline to him should replace him
32
Islamic Sects
Muhammad did not have any sons alive when he died, only daughters
When Muhammad died, Muslims suspended tribal war and united together
Muslims were divided on who they thought should fill Muhammad’s shoes and rule Muslims: Sunni and Shiite
33
Caliph (Khalifa)
means “inheritor”
Empire/Emperor of Islamic community (Muhammad was the very first caliph)
34
Sunni
“tradition” (90% of Muslims)
Sunni Muslims followed all old Arabic tribal rules
Sunni claimed the new ruler should be Abu Bakr (“father” personal name)
Abu Bakr was older than Prophet Muhammad and enjoyed the trust of most Muslims
35
Basis of Shi’a-Sunni controversy
at first it was about political disagreements, but eventually they developed their own separate philosophies and these two versions of Islam became very different from each other in how they theorize answers…
36
Ayatillah
a shia religious leader in Islam
they claim to be descendants of Muhammad, of the same blood as him, claim refreshment of society should come from Islam (a rebirth of Islam)
37
Imam
someone who is standing in front of other people
Shias address Ali as Imam Ali because they feel Ali stands in front of all Muslims
Sunni Muslims address prayer leaders as Imams b/c they stand in front of Muslims
38
Where do shiite Muslims mainly exist?
Iran and Persia
39
Who were Ali's two sons?
Hasan and Husayn
Neither of them ruled the Islamic community, Hasan was killed in battle (with Aisha)
For shi’a people, they are considered martyrs of shi’a people
40
Who were Muhammad's most important wives?
Khadija and Aisha
41
Who were the four rightly-guided caliphs/successors of Muhammad?
Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali
42
What are the two branches of shiite people today?
Ismailis (seveners) and (twelvers)
Ismailis (seveners) believed Ismail should have been an Imam
12ers: they go further with the line of Imams, there is a list of 12 Imams and after that the last one disappeared, named Mahdi
12ers believe Mahdi will come back at the end of time to judge, he is a very special ruler
43
Ismailis/Seveners
A branch of shiite, believed Ismail should have been an Imam
44
12ers
A branch of shiite, they go further with the line of Imams, there is a list of 12 Imams and after that the last one disappeared, named Mahdi
12ers believe Mahdi will come back at the end of time to judge, he is a very special ruler
45
Shahadah (Creed):
“There is no God but the God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.” → La Ilaha Illa Allah. Muhammad Rasul Allah.
46
Salat (Prayer)
Daily ritual prayer
Five times a day (before dawn, mid-day, late afternoon, after sunset and after dark)
Each lasts only 3-5 minutes. Can be recited anywhere.
47
How often d Muslims pray?
5 times a day
48
Wudu
```
ritual ablution (symbolic washing) → purity, Muslims wash their hands, feet and head with water before prayer
If a Muslim does not complete wudu, they cannot pray
```
49
When are Muslims exempt fro prayer?
Exemption from prayer if sick, have young children, menstruation
50
Which way to Muslims pray?
Pray in a canonical direction → Qibla → towards Mecca → Kaaba (cube in Mecca)
51
Huda
sermon led by Imam
52
Imam
leader (social function) → the most knowledgeable and pious, usually men
53
Adhan
call to prayer, the shahada
54
Muezzin
the prayer caller who announces prayer from minaret (tower) of mosque
55
Minaret
part of the mosque
56
Mi’raj
Ascension (describes heavenly journey of Prophet Muhammad)
On his journey he met many prophets and was greeted by them on the way up
When he got to the uppermost part of heaven, he could hear the pen writing the destinies of human beings
He and God discussed how many prayers Arabs must pray a day
Negotiations: 50 → 25 → 5 (Moses tells Muhammad to negotiate, unrealistic numberof prayers)
Muhammad was too ashamed to negotiate with God any longer
The jar is concrete material which signifies that this was a real event and not just a dream of Muhammad’s
This hadith justifies why Muslims pray 5 times a day
57
Zakat (Almsgiving)
Means "purify"
Muslims are required to give 2.5% of their annual income
Not charity, religious tax that goes to the poor, sick, travelers, Islamic scholars, converts, ransom for Muslims in hostage
Converts receive Zakat, those who leave Islam are punished by death
58
Jizyah
tax that non-Muslims pay who live under Muslim rule, receive exemption from military and don’t have to convert (helped with conversion)
59
Sadaqa
Voluntary donations by Muslims (donors can decide where they want money to go)
60
Sawm (Fasting)
Ramadan, 1 month (28 days) of year, the fasting month
Muslims use lunar calendar, 28 days/month
We know that ancient Arabs had a sacred month every year where they suspended all killing and gathered in Mecca to recognize their cultural (polytheistic) unity
Typically, religions fast to express/signify sadness but this is not the case for Muslims
Special prayer and reading of the Qur’an
First Quran revelation revealed during the first Ramadan
Benefits: will power, grateful, focus, community, aware of the poor
Festive time (nightlife), Eid = celebration at end
Days turn upside down, the day becomes the night and is quiet, Muslims don’t eat, drink, have sex, smoke but the nighttime is a party
61
What do Muslims abstain from during Ramadan
During the month of Ramadan, Muslims abstain from food, evil thoughts, drinking, smoking and sexual relations from sunrise to sunset
62
What do you do if you cannot fast during Ramadan?
If you cannot fast then don’t fast, feed others
63
Hajj (Pilgrimage)
Pre-Islamic roots (→ Abraham)
Muslims, both male and female, who are healthy and have the financial means, are required to visit Mecca at least once in their lifetime to pray at the sacred Ka’bah
Hajj occurs every year and Muslims can go more than once
Most wait until they are older to go as an act of grace for their life
Unity of Ummah
64
What are two hajj rituals?
During hajj, circumambulate around the Kaaba 7 times as a sign of respect
Throw stones at pillars which signify satan, stoning of evil
65
What is the jihad? What are the two sources it is found in? How do the two sources explain it differently?
```
Jihad in Quran
Occurs several times in the Qur’an
Always refers to concrete battle fight between Muslim Arabs and pagan Arabs
Holy war based on self-defence
War between Muslims and infidels
```
Jihad in Hadith
Jahid is a battle between instincts driving toward material world and instincts driving toward God
Muslims say that your whole life should be a jihad against your bad instincts
66
Sharia
means “Path to Water”
| Law of Islam
67
Fiqh
“Jurisprudence”
| Interpretation of Law
68
What are the sources of Islamic Law and what are prioritized in order from first to last?
Quran
Sunna (Hadiths)
Sharia
69
What are the five categories of action in the sharia?
Everything we do according to Islam falls under these actions
(categories = moral classifications)
```
Wajib: Obligatory
Mawsa: Recommended
Mubah: Permissible/Neutral
Makruh: Reprehensible
Halal: Forbidden
```
70
Wajib
Obligatory
71
Mawsa
Recommended
72
Mubah
Permissible/Neutral
73
Makruh
Reprehensible
74
Halal
Forbidden
75
Explain the sharia?
Halal: Permissible (1-4) / Haraam: Forbidden (5)
Categories are fluid, interpretive, things can change (ex: if fasting is harmful it goes from 1 to 5)
Sharia is not written in stone, they are a human construction
Life and health are always more important than sharia
Sharia is meant to make life better, not worse
76
What are the two drinks that the Quran prohibits?
Nabidh (intoxicating drink)
| Khama (drink that is fermented)
77
Nabidh
intoxicating drink
78
Khama
drink that is fermented
79
Ijtihad
When you see a prohibition for something, you try to find out its meaning
Making mental efforts for something
80
What do Muslims believe about intoxication?
Quran forbids nabidh and khama
Most Muslims prohibit anything that changes a person’s mental state
The Qur’an does not mention drugs, but most Muslims forbid it for its intention/ability to change mental state
81
Sources of Islamic Law (in order)
The Qur’an
The Sunna: Hadiths (sayings of the Prophet)
The Sharia (law)
Fiqh (interpretation of law)
82
Qiyas
Analogy
If something is said in the Qur’an, it means that you can make a legal analogy
When the Qur’an or Hadith do not seem to say anything about something, it’s time for Qiyas
83
Ijma
Consensus
Muslims (lawyers) come to a consensus on the consequences of an action based on the circumstances
84
Ada
Custom
Islamic law accepts a couple of basic prescriptions
Islam is extremely strict against customs that disobey Islam
March 21st: Navroz (Islamic New Year)
Because it does not have a religious meaning, Muslims tolerate it
85
Navroz
Islamic New Years (march 21st)
86
Maslahah
Common good
When something is good for the whole community, it can be made a law
For example, if a ruler can introduce that increasing taxation will be good for entire community as a whole, it can be made law
87
Mufti
Muslim lawyer
A mufti is a person who Muslims accept as a mufti
People can be qualified as a mufti, or leaders can give fatwa without being a mufti
(Muftis often contradict each other, much like rabbis do...
Mufti/Rabbi x says this, Mufti/Rabbi y says this, do of the two as you choose)
88
Fatwa
Legal decision
These are the procedures under which Muslim lawyers construct and prescribe laws
Some stereotypes of Muslims are not Islamic customs, but a product of Middle Eastern customs
89
Islamic Schools of Law
1. Abu Haifa
2. Malik ibn Anas
3. Shari
4. Sufism
90
Abu Haifa
A rational thinker
Claimed you needed to give a big explanation for mandatory acts in Islam
Many Muslims argued that we do not need law, we just need to imitate Prophet Muhammad
Ridiculed these people because Muhammad is just a human being
Example: you do not need to wear what he wore because climates are different
Followers do not welcome foreigners/non-Muslims
91
Malik ibn Anas
A rational thinker from Yathrib/Medina
Claimed that Muslims, if possible and if there are no concrete prescriptions, Muslims should follow customs of Medina
Followers are more accepting
92
Shafi
A rational thinker
Lived a little later than the above two and tried to find a middle ground
Which legal school a Muslim belongs to depends on the place they live
Muslims can give up one school for another if they move
They are all acceptable because they aim to the same objective, but which is preferred depends on where a Muslim lives
93
Sufism
Islamic Mysticism
94
Suf
cotton/wool
95
What do sufis claim?
Islamic law is for your body! Sufism focuses with mind and soul
Our soul is still hungry even with Islamic law, if you feel this hunger, you must find a master to teach you sufi techniques
96
Ruh
God exhaled his spirit into the mouth of Adam, into the human being
This spark of God is in us, in human creation we are created unlike any other species
Islamic mystics would say that there is a mystery in humans that most of us don’t realize, but sufis aim to ignite it
The main aim of human life is to find out and realize our RUH
97
Insan
means human
"the one who forgets"
It's not that we forget, it's that we forget we forget
98
Dhikr
means memory, to remember, we must remember that God is in us, Muslim rulers who participate in sufism
99
What are sufis interests?
Sufis love to write poems, puzzling stories, jokes, philosophies, mental states that human beings experience
100
Who are intoxicated sufis?
Al-Hallaj, Al-Ghazali
101
Al-Hallaj: “I am the truth”
Initiated into sufism early in life and travelled studying with best known sufi masters at time but went on quest of self-realization…
“I am the Truth” = I am God = God is speaking through him = God is in his soul
Muslims misunderstood him (he was intoxicated) and he was arrested, hands and legs cut off one by one, hanged his torso, executed him, burned his remains
Sufism celebrates him and feel he was wronged
Sufis were persecuted, misunderstood, looked down upon for bringing in outside-customs (like breath exercises which are associated with hinduism)
102
Al-Ghazali
Muslim lawyer/professionist
He struggles with sufism and if it should be allowed
Came up with the idea that if the spiritual exercises of Muslims can be related back to the Quran (ex: singing verses and feeling a high)
103
Al-Ghazali's light upon light
Light upon light: one light upon the other
The human mind contains light, the light of understanding, the light of the intellect
(God would be ultimate understanding and intellect)
So he claims that it is justified that if you try to bring your mirror of God closer to God through your mind (concentrate on structure and matter of mind, not thoughts)
104
Zahir
External part of Islam (Islamic law: sharia)
105
Sufism
Internal part of Islam
106
Al-Kindu
First Muslim Philosopher (late 9th century, Arabic by birth)
Wanted to harmonize the words of Aristotle and the Quran
First Arabic philosopher who wrote in Arabic
107
Ibn Sina
Persian Muslim Philosopher (12th century)
A leading medical doctor in the courts of Muslim rulers by day, Muslim philosopher by night
He wrote on knowing the soul through his knowledge on medicine and the human body
He studied Aristotle
Wrote books that everything that is alive has a soul (ex: plants have some kind of a soul)
Plants: vital powers, growth and nutrition
Animals: like plants with emotions, communication
Humans: like plants and animals, with addition of intellect/reason
Attempted to philosophically prove that we cannot prove afterlife...
Claimed that people who refuse to think are like animals, their soul dies when their body dies
Only philosophers’ souls survive, Claimed he was the most intelligent soul alive, Had to escape from ruler to ruler because he always had troubles with Islamic rules and authorities
said God cannot create a square triangle because he created geometry and it is against geometry (many Muslims did not like this)
108
Ibn Khaldun
Muslim philosopher (13th century, from North Africa)
We have different social groups/classes in the world that behave very differently from each other
Two basic lifestyles at time: settled and nomadic
Settled are educated, work, many possessions, wealthier, city-dwellers
Nomads always fight with nature and often need help from others
He claimed that nomads are stronger and have more stamina than city-dwellers because city-dwellers become lazy, fat, comfortable and the nomads colonize the territory of settled people, they settle and then new nomads conquer
These two lifestyles are always in opposition with each other
These lifestyles will always be in opposition with each other
109
Great Q of religious philosophy
Can God create a rock that He cannot demolish?
110
Humans have two brain capacities:
```
To believe
To think (intellect, reason)
```
Muslim philosophers claimed that a perfect Muslim is someone who realizes these two capacities and perfects them
You must be a believer and take belief in the revelations on faith
But God gave human brain ability and capacity to think, so we must also think about things by imagining we are clean slates delving into nature to find proof of existence of God
If we just use our faith, we become blind believers
111
Logos
natural law, laws of the universe, laws that direct motions of heavenly body and function of human body, the laws that direct nature
Plato and Aristotle claimed that studying logos is attempting to understand the way that the world works
Logos is ultimate creation of God, so studying philosophy is the most holy act
Using mental capacities to study God’s work
112
The Perfect Man
accepts revelation and thinks about logos (according to Islamic philosophers)
113
What are nine important claims Muslim philosophers make?
1. If God is just, then how come every nation/tribe does not have revelations/prophets - what is God’s motivation?
Muslim philosophers studied this question deeply...
2. Some claimed it is possible to find God by studying only philosophy… (from this, came conflict and philosophy was no longer welcome among mainstream Islam by most Muslims)
3. Philosophers claimed that they can somehow prove the existence of God by studying nature (observing nature → develop respect for the way the human/world/universe work → belief in God)
4. Philosophers claimed that only taking faith based on belief, it will make no sense. Religious claims (resurrection, judgement day) do not make sense.
5. Plato and Aristotle did not believe in creation, judgement day, heaven/hell … claimed these were stories for ordinary, simple people who neglected capacities to think
6. Claimed Muhammad was a philosopher
7. The Quran is simplified philosophy for simple minds (caused conflict in Islam)
8. For philosophers, thinking is most important and faith is incomplete knowledge, it is inferior to knowledge
9. Philosophers claimed they can know God and creation through philosophy and knowledge alone, the Quran is unnecessary
114
623-661
Rashidun Caliphate Dynasty
| 4 caliphs
115
661-750
Umayyad Dynasty
| claimed Arabs had privileges above non-Arabs, Islam spread
116
750-1258
Abbasid Dynasty
| Islam was stabilized, Quran was provided in more languages, Islamic civilization flourished
117
1258
Mongols demolished Empire
118
1299-WWI
Ottoman Turkish Empire (conquered Istanbul)
Long-lasting empire of Turks (not Arabs), conquered Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Iran, India
They migrated from central-Asia because they were uninterested in it, were only interested with trading routes through central-Asia, they had tensions with local populations because they were stronger than settled nations and instilled fear in them
Turks replaced local dynasties and map of Islamic world changed completely
From Constantinople they made Istanbul, conquered Istanbul into their huge Empire, conquered: Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Iran, India, North Africa … conquered huge part of South-Eastern Europe! European rulers were scared, intimidated
Turkish Empire collapsed after WWI.
Aligned with Germany and the war and lost miserably. Winners (Britain, France and Italy) colonized.
119
Where did the Ottoman (non-Arab) Empire conquer?
Long-lasting empire of Turks (not Arabs), conquered Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Iran, India
120
Colonial Dream
control countries economically without using too many soldiers/too much military, make allies with many countries by helping powerful families, making them rich then putting them into important political positions
121
West: Maghreb (“where the sun sets”)
Most Western parts of Islamic world (Morocco, Libya)
122
What are the 6 major territories Islam is divided into?
1. West (West Africa): Morocco, Libya
2. South (North Africa): Nigeria, Egypt
3. East (Middle East): Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Yemen
4. South Asia: Pakistan, Bangladesh, India
5. Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
6. South-East Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia
123
Maghreb
West (means "where the sun sets")
Most Western parts of Islamic world (Morocco, Libya)
Their Arabic is specific, but there is a heavy French impact on their Arabic
The population is typically bilingual: French & Arabic
124
Mashriq
East (means "where the sun rises")
Used to be referred to as Arabia
Core Islamic territories: Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Iran (regional powers)
125
Hausa (language)
Language spoken in Northern Nigeria
126
Yoruba
Sunni Muslims in North Africa
127
Coptic
Egyptian Christians (10-15% of Egyptians), they have their own Church separate from typical Christianity, most Europeans see them as heretics, coptic people believe Jesus was God
128
Houthis
Shi’a Muslims in Yemen
129
Ayatollah
high-ranked shiite people, claim they are the guarantees of shi’a Muslim people
130
Kurdish
A group of tribes of Sunni Muslim people with their own language and culture
Kurds live in the general areas of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Armenia and Syria - a mountainous region of southwest Asia generally known as Kurdistan
131
Alaua
A shiite sect with power in Syria
Colonized 10% of Syria
Claim that Ali was the incarnation of God
132
Istan
means "country"
133
Nation State
a form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people inhabits a sovereign state
Europe became a nation state which lead to the division of Islamic thought and Islam in Diaspora
134
Wahabism
strict, literal practice of Islam (ex: coffee debate)
135
Conservative Innovators
we should find original Islam, we should not get lost in hadiths and repetition of same old texts, but must find spirit of Islam, must follow wisdom
136
Fundamentalists
Must go back in time and learn from the foundation of your civilization, the direction of thinking which states that innovation of religion must not be taken from modernism but through deep study of the history of religious civilization and reapplying same lifestyle
137
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
Modernist Muslim Thinker
Arabian thinker, founder of Whabism
138
Ibn Taymiyya
Modernist Muslim Thinker
Arabian thinker, if you read Hadith and Quran, it can innovate your spirituality
139
Khomeini Ayatollah
ideological creator of modern Iran, Orthodox shiite religious leader, important for shiites, claimed Iran should be made a European country and invited foreign advisors to Iran, very popular in Iran today
He was forced out from Iran, moved to France, he went back to Iran in 1979 and became the number one leader of the Iranian Revolution
140
1979
Iranian Theocracy, Iranian Revolution, society exploded
141
Theocracy
ruling a state in the name of God, politics governed by religious faith/beliefs (in Iran they teach that God rules Iran)
142
Kemal Ataturk
Modernist Muslim Thinker
Turkish ruler in 1920s
Spent some time in Europe and ruled Turkey in 1920s, wanted to bring European lifestyle and technology to Turkey, wanted to lay down foundations of Turkey and make it a European country, tried to build a state structure in which Islam does not play any role, state can consist of Turkish people who can be Muslim in the home but not in public
People who do hajj are fired from jobs because they are not loyal to Turkey, but loyal to archaic Islam, men with beards must shave them off for their religious significance, females cannot wear traditional Muslim clothes, men cannot wear traditional hats but must wear European hats instead, people who pray in mosques are frowned upon
Ataturk did not want archaic, ancient traditions of Islam, he wanted modern, innovative Europe
Ataturk is very popular in Turkey today and there are portraits of him all over Turkey, many Muslims have problems with this because they believe it is idolatry
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Gamal Abdel-Nasser
Modernist Muslim Thinker
2nd president of Egypt
Ruler of Egypt in 1960s
Had the idea of (Islamic) Socialism, that the ideal society is Soviet Union
The spirit of Islam cannot be unionized with capitalist system because capitalism recognizes independent individuals and competitiveness among companies and individuals
Looked to Soviet Union’s socialism as the most successful state formation, its economy and ideal should be adopted by Egypt and combined with Islam, but Islam is a private lifestyle that should be kept in the home
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(Islamic) Socialism
Gamal Abdel-Nasser's 2nd president of Egypt in 1960s aimed for this, socialism similar to SU's
The spirit of Islam cannot be unionized with capitalist system because capitalism recognizes independent individuals and competitiveness among companies and individuals
Looked to Soviet Union’s socialism as the most successful state formation, its economy and ideal should be adopted by Egypt and combined with Islam, but Islam is a private lifestyle that should be kept in the home
145
Who is the modernist Muslim thinker that wanted to introduce Islamic socialism in Egypt?
Gamal Abdel-Nasser
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Who is the Modernist Muslim thinker that wanted to reform/rid religion from politics in Turkey in the 1920s?
Kemal Ataturk
147
What are some ways Kemal Ataturk attacked "archaic" Islamic culture and tradition in the 1920s?
People who do hajj are fired from jobs because they are not loyal to Turkey, but loyal to archaic Islam
Men with beards must shave them off for their religious significance
Females cannot wear traditional Muslim clothes
Men cannot wear traditional hats but must wear European hats instead
People who pray in mosques are frowned upon
148
What is the name for strict, literal practice of Islam (ex: coffee debate)? Who is the thinker who introduced it?
Wahhabism, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
149
In what part of the Islamic world is the Arabic heavily impacted by French?
West (maghreb): Morocco and Libya
150
What is a key source of conflict among Muslims in North Africa?
The Berber people are not Arabic, and the Arabs do not recognize them as Muslims but segregate them
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Berbers
Muslims living in North Africa whose language is a mix between Arabic and berber, the word barbarian comes from berber, berbers are not recognized by Arabic Muslims in North Africa but are segregated
152
Why is there conflict in Nigeria?
Islam is the lifestyle among Nigeria but many Christians reside there
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Houthis
shiites in Yemen
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Which is the poorest Islamic country in the East?
Yemen
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What percent of Syria is shiite?
10%
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What is believed about current Turkey?
It will soon turn to the Islamic world
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Which is a non-Arabic country that is majority Muslim?
Iran, they are Persian
158
Which country has a higher number of shiites than sunnis?
Iran
159
Abaya
Shiite sect with power in Syria
160
Which nation considers themselves very different from other Muslims for their long history of cultural independence?
Egypt
161
What is the source of the Hindu-Islam conflict in India?
The population of India is 1 billion with only 1/6 being Muslims, it is a huge religious minority to the Hindus and Christians, India is currently ruled by a Hindu nationalist ruler oppressing Muslims
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Why do Pakistan and Bangladesh belong to the Islamic world?
They were created at the same time as modern Iran but cut out from India
163
Of the major Muslim populations, where does liberal Islam typically exist?
Malaysia and Indonesia, Islam is mixed with pre-existing culture and tradition, Arabic is not spoken
164
What do philosophers believe are the two capacities of the human brain?
1. To believe
| 2. To think (reason, intellect)
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Who proposes that we should find original Islam, we should not get lost in hadiths and repetition of same old texts, but must find spirit of Islam, must follow wisdom
Conservative Innovators
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What is the essence of fundamentalism?
We must go back in time and learn from the foundation of your civilization
The direction of thinking which states that innovation of religion must not be taken from modernism but through deep study of the history of religious civilization and reapplying same lifestyle
167
What political problem in Islam leads to a major controversy?
Ancient Islam always had one ruler, Muslims were united under the leadership of the single Muslim ruler (Prophet Muhammad, then the Abbasid Family)
Should Islam have one ruler at all times? Fundamentalists would say yes
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Caliph
| Glossary
From the Arabic Khalifa ("one who represents or acts on behalf of another"). The Caliph was the Prophet's successor as the head of the Muslim community; the position became institutionalized in the form of the caliphate, which lasted from 632 to 1924.
169
Dhikr
| Glossary
"Remembering" God's name; chanted in Sufi devotional exercises, sometimes while sufis dance in a circle.
170
Dhimmis
| Glossary
"Protected people" non-Muslim religious minorities (specifically Jews and Christians, as "people of the Book") accorded to tolerated status in Islamic society.
171
Fatihah
| Glossary
The short opening surah of the Quran, recited atlas 17 times every day
172
Fatwa
| Glossary
A ruling issued by a traditional religion-legal authority
173
Fiqh
| Glossary
Jurisprudence, or the theoretical principles underpinning the specific regulations contained in the shariah
174
Hadith
| Glossary
The body of texts reporting Muhammad's words and example, taken by Muslims as a foundation for conduct and doctrine; a Hadith is an individual unit of the literature
175
Hajj
| Glossary
The annual pilgrimage to Mecca
176
Halal
| Glossary
Ritually acceptable; most often used in the context of the slaughter of animals for meat; also refers regularly to Muslim dietary restrictions
177
Hanifs
| Glossary
"Pious ones"; a group of pre-Islamic Arabs who shared the ethical monotheism of Jews and Christians
178
Haram
| Glossary
"Forbidden," used especially in reference to actions; similar in its connotations to "taboo"
179
Hijrah
| Glossary
The Prophet's migration from Mecca to establish a community in Medina in 622 CE. In dates, the abbreviation AH stands for "year of the hijrah" (the starting points of the Islamic datings system)
180
Id al-Fitr
| Glossary
The holiday celebrating the end of Ramadan fast; the festival traditionally begins following the sighting of the new moon
181
ijma'
| Glossary
The consensus of religion-legal scholars; one of the two secondary principles used in jurisprudence; some legal schools give it more weight than others
182
Ijitihad
| Glossary
Personal reasoning applied to the development of legal opinions
183
Imamis ("Twelvers")
| Glossary
She's who recognize 12 imams as legitimate heirs to the prophet's authority; the last, in occultation since 874, is expected to return some day as the Mahdi.
184
Ismailis ("Seveners")
| Glossary
She's who recognize only seven Imams; named after the last of them, Ismail, whose lineage continues to the present in the Agha Khan.
185
Isnad
| Glossary
The pedigree or chain of transmission of a hadith, with which the individual unit begins
186
Jihad
| Glossary
Struggle in defence of the faith; some jihads are military response to threats to the community's security or welfare; others are spiritual, waged to improve moral conduct in society
187
Kufr
| Glossary
Rejecting belief; implies lack of gratitude for God's grace
188
Mahdi
| Glossary
The Shi'i twelfth Imam, understood in his role as the "rightly-guided one" who will emerge from hiding at some unspecified future date to restore righteousness and order to the world
189
m'raj
| Glossary
The Prophet's miraculous journey to heaven (for prayer #)
190
mu'adhdhin
| Glossary
The person who calls people to prayer
191
qiblah
| Glossary
The direction of prayer, marked in mosques by a niche inside the wall nearest Mecca
192
Ramadan
| Glossary
The month throughout which Muslims fast during daylight hours
193
Sadaqah
| Glossary
Alms given voluntarily, in addition to the required zakat
194
Salat
| Glossary
The prescribed daily prayers, said five times during the day
195
Shahadah
| Glossary
The Muslim profession of faith in God as the only god, and in Muhammad as God's prophet/messanger
196
Shari'ah
| Glossary
The specific regulations of Islamic law (jurisprudence or theoretical discussion of the law, is fiqh)
197
Shaykh
| Glossary
The Arabic term for a senior master, especially in the context of Sufism
198
Shi'a
| Glossary
From the Arabic meaning "party"; Muslims who trace succession to the Prophet's authority through the line of Imams defended from 'Ali' the small of the two main divisions of Islam, accounting for about one-sixth of all Muslims today. "Shiis" is the adjective form.
199
Sunnah
| Glossary
The "life-example' of Muhammad's words and deeds, based mainly on the hadith literature; the primary source of guidance for Muslims
200
Sunni
| Glossary
Muslims who trace succession to the prophet's authority through the caliphate, which lasted until the twentieth century; the larger of the two main divisions of Islam, according fro about 5/6 of all Muslims today
201
Surah
| Glossary
A chapter of the Quran; there are 114 in all, arranged mainly in decreasing order of length except for the first
202
Tafsir
| Glossary
Commentary on the Quran
203
Taqlid
| Glossary
Following the itjihad or legal opinion of a particular jurist
204
Ummah
| Glossary
Muslim community
205
Zakat
| Glossary
The per cried welfare tax; 2.5% of each Muslim's accumulated wealth, collected by central treasuries in earlier times but now donated to charities independently of state governments, see also sadaqah
206
Nah al-Balagha
Shi'a text, sayings and sermons of Ali, the first Shi'i Imam
207
Ginans
Ismaili Shi'a text, hymns of praise and worship of God
208
622
Muhammad's hijrah from Mecca to Medina
209
632
Muhammad dies, leadership passes to the caliph
210
642
Birth of al-Hasan al-Basri, early sufi ascetic
211
661
Death of Husain at Karbala, commemorated as martyr by Shi'as
212
711
Arab armies reach Spain
213
762
Abbasid Family establishes Empire capital in Baghdad
214
1058
Birth of al-Ghazali, theological synthesizer of faith and reason
215
1258
Baghdad falls to Mongol invaders
216
1492
Christian forces take Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain
217
1529
Ottoman Turks reach Vienna
218
1602
Muslims officially expelled from Spain
219
1703
Birth of Ibn And al-Wahhab, leader of traditionalism in Arabia
220
1924
Ataturk, Turkish modernizer and secularizer, abolishes the caliphate
221
1930
Muhammad Iqbal proposes a Muslim state in India
222
1947
Pakistan established as an Islamic state
223
1979
Ayatollah Khomeini establishes a revolutionary Islamic regime in Iran
224
2001
Osama bin Laden launches terrorist attacks on America
225
2006
Islamic scholars at the Mardin Conference in Turkey issue a ruling against terrorism
226
2011
The "Arab Spring"; the governments of Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen and Libya are overthrown. Tawakkul Karman, a leader of the movement in Yemen, becomes the second Muslim woman (after Shirin Ebadi in 2003) to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
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570-632
632-661
661-750
750-1258
1517-1924
```
```
570-632 Lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad
632-661 The Time of the Four Caliphates
661-750 Umayyad Caliphate
750-1258 Abbasid Caliphate
1517-1924 Ottoman Caliphate
```
228
Hanoi Law
The most famous jurists of Iraq was Abu Hanifah, son of a Persian slave, Sunni legal school
229
Maliki Law
Malik b. Anas, leading scholar of Medina and founder of Maliki legal school, hadith-focused
230
Shaft Law
Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i, Islamic jurisprudence, Kitab al-Umm, restricted quays and rejected rational preference
231
Hanabali Law
Ahmad ibn Hanbal, strict conservative school
