Final Exam Review

Question 1

Forest Ecosystem Services examples

Answer 1

habitat for animals, recreation, sesources (wood, food, watershed, carbon storage)

Question 2

Forest Ownership percentages

Answer 2

66% Commercial Timberland, 34% Noncommercial (58% private, 14% forest industry, 18% national, 10% other federal agencies)

Question 3

What are SFI and FSC

Answer 3

independant groups that use sustainable measures

Question 4

Silviculture System (even-aged v uneven-aged)

Answer 4

a long term harvest system even-aged (clearcutting, seed tree harvest-harvest all but few,+shelterwood harvest-leave enough to protect new seedlings) uneven-aged (selective cutting-high grade trees, single tree harvests, +group tree harvests)

Question 5

What are some non-timber forests products?

Answer 5

maple syrup, ginseng, mushrooms, hunting…

Question 6

What are causes of animal extinction

Answer 6

Habitat alteration 40% commercial hunting 23% competition with invasives 16% pest control 7% hunted for food 6% pollution 1%

Question 7

Traits of vulnerable species

Answer 7

they are specialists-specific niches, low reproductive rates, nonadaptive behaviors, initial population size was already small(islands)

Question 8

Zoo-botanical garden approach

Answer 8

last ditch effort to conserve, holds plants+animals in captivity and attempts to breed them

Question 9

Species approach

Answer 9

conservation method where you study the niche of a species and find out how you can improve or manage the habitat (doesn’t look out for other species though)

Question 10

Ecosystem Approach

Answer 10

most effective conservation method and least costly, protect habitat with buffer zones and wildlife corridors

Question 11

Recombinant DNA Tech

Answer 11

insertion of 1 or more genes from one organism into another

Question 12

Transformation Cassette steps

Answer 12

1. prepare tissue for transformation 2. introduce DNA 3. culture plant tissue 4. field test plants

Question 13

Dingell-Johnson Act

Answer 13

Federal aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (excise tax on fishing equipment)

Question 14

impact of overfishing

Answer 14

people select larger fish, so only small immature fish left, decreasing fertility rates

Question 15

impact of dams

Answer 15

cause habitat destruction, disrupt migration patterns

Question 16

impact of invasive species

Answer 16

predation, direct competition for food+habitat, change food webs, more parasites

Question 17

ways to overcome overfishing, dams, and invasives

Answer 17

use individual quota system (# of each fish species allowed to have), marine protected areas, some intensive aquaculture

Question 18

Extensive aquaculture

Answer 18

no feed or fertilizer system, low density population-let it go on naturally simplest

Question 19

Semi-intensive aquaculture

Answer 19

increase stocking rates and fertilize

Question 20

Intensive aquaculture

Answer 20

add feed, has high stocking rates

Question 21

challenges for aquaculture

Answer 21

where to put them, getting the fish the protein they need for growth

Question 22

Micropile

Answer 22

opening on a fish egg where the sperm enters

Question 23

home range of a species

Answer 23

the area needed for an animal to meet all it needs (food, mating, shelter…)

Question 24

The Edge Effect

Answer 24

the boundaries between different ecosystems tend to have high densities of populations

Question 25

animal mortality factors

Answer 25

disease, proximity to humans (roadkill, habitat loss, hunting, pollution), predation, starvation. these all vary by species

Question 26

Greenhouse gas effect

Answer 26

greenhouse gases can absorb and emit infrared radiation, increasing the temp (methane, H2O, CO2, NOx, Ozone+Chlorofluorocarbone-refrigerants)

Question 27

What is causing the climate to change

Answer 27

influx of greenhouse gases, natiral variation (volcanoes, changes in orbit+tilt, solar activity changes, chaotic events),+deforestation

Question 28

methods of monitoring climate change

Answer 28

measuring thickness of tree rings, measurinf content of air bubbles in ice cores, using phenology (cyclic natural phenomena like migration+bloom dates)

Question 29

effects of climate change on wildlife, fish, and forests

Answer 29

wildlife-will have to move north, specialists may die out, hybridization may occur,(effects reproduction, availability of food+habitat, increases disease) fish-growth+reproduction depend on temp forests-will become drier (fires), more pest/disease outbreaks, growth will slow