Final Exam Review Flashcards
(86 cards)
0
Q
What is Solitary Play?
A
Play in social exchange and independently. The child may be in a group, but will be playing on their own.
1
Q
What is the key variable used to measure motor learning?
A
Consistency
Efficiency
Flexibility
2
Q
What is Onlooker Play?
A
Child watches others play.
3
Q
What is Parallel Play?
A
Children play in the same vicinity and may be engaged in similar tasks (without interracting).
4
Q
What is Associate Play?
A
Little organization to play:
Children follow each other in a line, borrow toys, and demonstrate toys
5
Q
At what age should you expect to see children engage in parallel play?
A
Approximately 2 years old.
6
Q
At what age should you expect to see children engage in Associate Play?
A
Approximately 2 years old
7
Q
What is Cooperative Play?
A
Social interaction and group activity
Ex: Play Dates
8
Q
What is Fantasy Play?
A
Child uses props, dresses, up etc.
9
Q
What is the benefit of Fantasy Play?
A
It is good for role play in a “safe” environment.
10
Q
At what age should you expect to see children engage in Fantasy Play?
A
Preschool Age (1-5 years)
11
Q
What is Constructive Play?
A
The making and building of things.
12
Q
What is the relationship between Constructive Play and child development?
A
It parallels fine motor and manipulation development and skills.
13
Q
At what age should you expect to see children engage in constructive play?
A
Approximately 3-4 years old
14
Q
At what age should you expect to see children engage in games with rules?
A
6-8 Years
15
Q
At what age should you expect rough-and-tumble play to be common?
A
6-8 Years
16
Q
At what age do permanent teeth begin to replace baby teeth?
A
6-8 Years
17
Q
At what age does a child’s writing begin to increase - preparing to master cursive writing?
A
6-8 Years
18
Q
At what age do children’s drawings become more organized and detailed, including some depth cues?
A
6-8 Years
19
Q
What age range is generally seen in Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage?
A
7-11 years
20
Q
What cognitive change(s) is/are seen during the Concrete Operational Stage?
A
Thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was earlier.
21
Q
What is Reversibility?
A
The capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
22
Q
What is Seriation?
A
The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight.
23
Q
What are cognitive maps?
A
Mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as a neighborhood or school.
24
What 2 arousal states do newborns demonstrate?
Sleep & Survival
25
What is Haptic Perception?
Active memory of touch
26
What age should you expect a child to demonstrate self-recognition?
2 years
27
What is Tactile Defensiveness?
Inappropriate responses to tactile stimuli.
28
Why would a child demonstrate tactile defensiveness?
Typically, it is an avoidance or protective response.
It may lead to selective choices of food/clothing, etc.
29
How can tactile defensiveness adversely affect a child's development?
It can affect hand skills, self-care, and social skill development.
30
What is Sensory Integration?
A combining of sensory information to allow for accurate categorization of perceptual information
31
What is a reflex?
An obligatory response to stimulus
32
What is integration in relationship to reflexes?
A reflex is not predictable or no longer the preferred pattern
It occurs to allow more complex and mature neuromotor patterns to devleop
33
What is a Developmental Delay?
Failure to fall within the normal ranges of milestone development
34
What is Abnormal Development?
An infant may be in the low range of milestones but the performance of the task is poor.
35
What is Self-Efficacy?
A child's belief in his/her personal power to change things.
36
Changes are seen in what 4 basic motor capacities during middle childhood?
Flexibility
Balance
Agility
Force
37
What is Visual Acuity?
The ability to focus the eyes to distinguish details.
38
What is Body Schema?
An internalized sense of the space that a body fills.
| Ex: Will I fit in the laundry basket?
39
What is Spacial Awareness?
Understanding of near and far space
| Ex: Tossing a ball into a basket
40
What is Temporal Organization?
Orderly sequencing of tasks from start to finish.
41
What is Temporal Awareness?
Time in relation to planning, sequencing, and altering of movements
Ex: Jumping Rope
42
What is Coincidence-Anticipation?
Timing-Ability to complete a motor task with an arriving moving object
Ex: kicking a soccer ball that has been kicked to you
43
What is Rapport Talk?
"Language of Conversation"
| Connecting and negotiating relationships
44
What is "Report Talk?"
Communication that offers information and directions.
| Just the facts
45
What is Stress?
The response to the individual to the circumstances and events that threaten them and tax their coping abilities
46
What effect can prolonged demands which a child cannot meet have on mental functions?
It can lead to Learned Helplessness and Underachievement.
47
What is Object Play?
Manipulation of objects in an intrinsically motivated way.
Ex: Using art materials and building blocks for play and development
One of the most popular forms of play for development and therapy use.
48
What is Virtual Play?
Intrinsically motivated play that is a form of leisure versus a learning activity or for school.
Ex: TV, Video Games, etc.
49
What is Consistency in motor learning?
The ability to perform the skill/task on a consistent basis.
50
What is Efficiency in motor learning?
How efficiently a child can perform a skill/task.
51
What is flexibility in motor learning?
A child's ability to perform a skill/task when other variables come into play.
52
What are 7 benefits to the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)?
Zero Reject (cannot turn a child away)
Least Restrictive Environment (make as normal as possible)
Right to Due Process
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
Individualized Educational Plan
Parent Participation
Related Services (this is where PT is included)
53
What is an IEP?
Individualized Education Plan: A comprehensive plan that indicates all specific services a child is to receive
For school-aged children (5-21 y/o - some states include 3-5 y/o)
54
What is an IFSP?
Individualized Family Service Plan: for infants/toddlers
| Developed with family consent - includes early intervention services (primarilly PT)
55
What kind of brain development occurs on preschool age children?
Neurologic organization is use dependent.
| CNS & brain growth is occurring.
56
What are Equilibrium Reactions and when do they normally appear in children?
Using rotational movements to maintain balance
Equilibrium Reactions emerge between 12-21 mos and mature through the age of 4-5
Ex: Turn and talk to a friend
57
What kind of fine motor development is seen in middle age children?
The child must be more self-directed and conscious to develop coordination and skill in small muscle groups
Continued Grasp Development:
Power Grasp
Precision Grasp
58
What are 4 types of power grasps?
```
Spherical Grip (ball)
Cylindrical Grip (remove cap from water bottle)
Hook Grip (bar)
Plate or Lateral Prehension (turn keys)
```
Used for large or heavy objects.
Full hand strength used
Type depends on size of object being manipulated
59
What are 2 types of Precision Grasps?
Tripod (crayon)
| Pincer (blocks / eating)
60
Where does most growth occur in preschool age children?
In the trunk
Center of gravity is mid-thoracic level
61
Where does most growth occur in middle childhood?
In the limbs
Center of gravity = umbilicus
62
Characteristics of Middle Childhood
More Complex Tasks / More than 1 task at a time
| Calibrates movements as needed
63
During middle childhood, changes are seen in what 4 basic motor capacities?
Flexibility
Balance
Agility
Force
64
What are the 5 stages of Perspective Taking in middle childhood?
```
Undifferentiated
Social-Informational
Self-Reflective
3rd Party Perspective
Societal Perspective
```
65
What is Undifferentiated Perspective Taking?
Recognizing that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings but the two are often confused.
66
What is Social-informational Perspective Taking?
Understanding that different perspectives may result because people have access to different information.
Ex: Christmas vs. Hannuka
67
What is Self-Reflective Perspective Taking?
Empathy
The ability to step into another person's shoes and view their own thoughts, feelings and behavior from the other person's perspective.
This stage also allows the child to recognize that others can do the same.
68
What is 3rd-party Perspective Taking?
Stepping outside a 2-person situation and imagining how the self and other are viewed from the point of view of a 3rd impartial party
69
What is Societal Perspective Taking?
Understanding that 3rd-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of larger societal values.
70
What changes appear in middle child play?
Gender differences in play become more evident.
Play becomes more complex.
Increase in competitive athletics
71
What is problem-centered coping?
| When can you expect a child to use this?
Appraising a situation as changeable, identifying the difficulty, and deciding what to do about it.
Usually by age 10
72
What is emotion-centered coping?
| When can you expect to see this in a child?
When problem solving does not work, children use internal, private thoughts aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome.
Usually seen by age 10
73
What changes in moral understanding occur in middle childhood?
Most have internalized rules for good conduct.
They clarify and link moral imperatives & social conventions, considering the purpose of the rule, people's intentions, and the context of their actions.
They have a better understanding of individual rights.
74
What happens to sleep patterns during adolescence?
Brain may develop increased neural sensitivity to evening light - thus adolescents tend to stay up later.
Adolescents need about 9 hrs of sleep (almost same as middle childhood)
Sleep deprived adolescents perform poorly on cognitive tasks in morning hours.
75
What are some IADLs of adolescence?
```
Shaving
Grooming
Menstrual hygiene
• keeping their room clean
• taking care of a family pet
• housecleaning
• laundry
```
76
What is a Type A behavior pattern?
```
Extreme competitiveness
Ambition
Impatience
Hostility
Angry Outbursts
Sense of Time Pressure
Increased risk of heart attack
```
77
What is a Type B behavior pattern?
Free of hostility
Lack of compulsion to meet deadlines
Not competitive
78
What is a Type C behavior pattern?
Appear quiet and introspective but are actually frustrated
Swallow their anger
Non-emotional
Non-assertive
Try to appease others, even to the point of self-effacement & self-sacrifice
High risk of cancer
79
What is a Type D personality pattern?
Anxiety prone
| Poor immune system
80
What changes occur in the cardiovascular system in late adulthood?
Heart mm less responsive due to enlargement of left ventricle - more rigid, some cells die, some enlarge
Heart pumps with less force, decreased max heart rate, slowing circulation
81
What changes occur in the pulmonary system in late adulthood?
Lung tissue loses elasticity
Increased breathing rate
More out of breath when exercising
82
What kind of gait changes occur in late adulthood?
oMild rigidity & less body motion proximally than distally
o Arm swing decrease in amplitude & speed
o BOS becomes wider to improve stability
o Step length becomes smaller
o More time is spent in double support stance w/decreased swing to stance ratio
o Decreases in speed of gait
83
Describe the global mental & specific mental developments in preschool age children.
energy and drive, temperament and personality, intellectual, attention, emotion, sequencing complex movement (like shooting a basketball)
84
What type developmental tasks related to play can be seen in preschool age children?
Play assists in motor skill development
It results in pleasure drives the child to repeat tasks that are pleasurable, (Mastery motivation)
– innate drive to find solutions, (Self-efficacy) – a child’s belief in his personal power to change things
85
What kind of changes in self-care can be seen in preschool age children?
by the end of preschool age the child is independent in toileting, basic personal care and can function with minimal supervision in school setting.
