Final Exam Review

Question 1

Debugging

Answer 1

The process of ensuring a program is free of errors (bugs)

Question 2

Java

Answer 2

High-level, object oriented programming language frequently used for web-based applications

Question 3

Fortran

Answer 3

High-level programming language used for mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications

Still used today for high-performance computing tasks (weather forecast)

Question 4

COBOL

Answer 4

Designed for business transaction processing

Makes extensive use of modules and submodules

Being phased out in many organizations

Y2K scare

Question 5

Pseudocode

Answer 5

Uses English-like statements to outline the logic of a program

Question 6

Compiler

Answer 6

Language translator that converts an entire program into machine language before executing it

Question 7

Flowchart

Answer 7

Program flowcharts show graphically step-by-step how a computer program will process data

Question 8

Stage

Answer 8

The Stage in Scratch represents the viewable/playable area of a program

It is 480px wide by 360px tall, and its size cannot be changed

Underlying the stage is an XY grid which can be used to refer to a position on the stage

The programmer can change the appearance of the stage using Backdrops

Question 9

Sprite

Answer 9

Interactive objects in your scratch program are referred to as Sprites (a term which comes from Game Development)

Every Scratch program begins with the default sprite (MIT’s Scratch Mascot), which can easily be deleted with the x in the upper left corner

Adding new Sprites can be in the same methods as backdrops, except the camera

Question 10

Argument

Answer 10

Many of the code blocks in scratch have arguments

An argument is an area in a block which accepts programmer input or another block

Arguments in scratch can be one of several types, which depend on the block containing the argument - numeric insert, string insert, built-in drop-down list, boolean block insert, built-in color selector.

Question 11

Block

Answer 11

Blocks are puzzle-piece shapes that are used to create code in Scratch

The blocks connect to each other like a jigsaw puzzle

Each data type (event, command, reported value, reported boolean, or script end) has its own shape and a specifically shaped slot for it to be inserted into

This prevents syntax errors, since pieces will only fit where they are allowed to go

Question 12

Script

Answer 12

Series of connected blocks are called scripts

Question 13

Comments

Answer 13

Comments allow a programmer to put descriptive text in their program that is ignored during execution

They provide other people looking at your program a better understanding of what your code is doing

They can also be useful when you return to code after a long time away to remind yourself what you did

Comments are added in scratch by right click in the scripts tab

They can be adjusted horizontally and vertically

They can float free, or be attached to a particular code block

Question 14

Stranded Code

Answer 14

Any code blocks in your scripts tab that aren’t attached to a Hat Block (event), or another block that is attached to a Hat Block will never get executed

Make sure not to leave the code stranded

Question 15

Byte

Answer 15

Bit: the smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0)

A byte is 8 bits

Byte terminology is used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc.

Question 16

Nibble

Answer 16

Groups of four bits are called a nibble

Question 17

Hexadecimal notation

Answer 17

Hexadecimals are made of 16 digits (0-9, A-F)

Question 18

Base

Answer 18

a number used as the basis of a numeration scale.?????

Available numbers in a numbering system (0-9)

Question 19

Signed Magnitude Representation

Answer 19

A type of signed binary number representation

Sign-magnitude doesn’t work - try adding a number to its negative

If the binary number is unsigned then all the bits can be used to represent the number.

The representation of a signed binary number is commonly referred to as the sign-magnitude notation and if the sign bit is “0”, the number is positive. If the sign bit is “1”, then the number is negative.

Question 20

ASCII

Answer 20

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Character encoding standard for electronic communication, represents text in computers

Question 21

Octal Numbers

Answer 21

The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. Octal numerals can be made from binary numerals by grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right).

Question 22

Legibility

Answer 22

A measure of how easy it is to distinguish one letter from another in a particular typeface

Question 23

Readability

Answer 23

How easy it is to read words, phrases, blocks of copy such as a web page

Question 24

Discoverability

Answer 24

The quality of being easy to find via a search engine, within an application, or on a website.

Question 25

Intelligibility

Answer 25

The information a computer retrieves is comprehensible to another computer system or a human viewer

Question 26

Regression Bug

Answer 26

For some reason in Windows 10 Microsoft actually made scaling worse than windows 8.1 – this is a regression bug – when some new feature broke the old (properly working) way

Question 27

Triangle Mesh

Answer 27

A type of polygon mesh in computer graphics. It comprises a set of triangles(typically in three dimensions) that are connected by their common edges or corners. The mesh components are vertices, edges, and triangles.

Question 28

Geometric Primitive

Answer 28

The term in computer graphics and CAD systems is used in various senses, with the common meaning of the simplest geometric objects that the system can handle.

Question 29

Hypertext

Answer 29

Software system that links topics on the screen to related information and graphics, which are typically accessed by a point-and-click method

Question 30

Archie

Answer 30

World’s first search engine

Question 31

Cloudware

Answer 31

Software that runs on a remote Web server rather than on a mobile computing device, personal computer, or traditional on-premises application server

Question 32

E-commerce

Answer 32

Commercial transactions conducted electronically on the internet

Question 33

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 33

A common condition that causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm

Question 34

Digital divide

Answer 34

The gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the internet, and those who do not

Question 35

Green Computing

Answer 35

The environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and their resources. In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of designing, manufacturing/engineering, using and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their environmental impact.

Question 36

Reasoning

Answer 36

The ability to apply the knowledge to solve problems

Control mechanism that determine which operation to apply to particular problem

Question 37

Training Data

Answer 37

The set of instances with a known target to be used to fit an ML model

Question 38

Capability of an Al system

Answer 38

Store knowledge

Applying the knowledge stored to solve problems

Acquire new knowledge through experience

Question 39

Machine Learning

Answer 39

Machine learning is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to effectively perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead.

Question 40

Supervised Learning

Answer 40

The machine learning task of learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a function from labeled training data consisting of a set of training examples.

Question 41

Decision Tree

Answer 41

Decision tree learning is a method for approximating discrete-valued target functions

The learned function is represented by a decision tree

Commonly used in data mining

Decision trees classify
instances or examples by starting at the root of the tree and moving through a leaf node

Question 42

Neural Network

Answer 42

a computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) attempt to simulate the behavior of these cells

A perceptron is the simplest neural network possible: a computational model of a single neuron