Final Exam Review Flashcards

Question

What is the Embryonic Period?

Answer 1

prenatal development from 3-8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the embryo.

Answer 2

prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.

Answer 3

distressed when the caregiver leaves. The child is also quickly comforted when the caregiver returns.

Answer 4

is not distressed when the caregiver leaves. The child also avoids the caregiver when the caregiver returns.

Answer 5

is inconsolably upset when the caregiver leaves. The child will also both seek and reject caring contract when the caregiver returns.

Answer 6

Physical: growth of the body and changes in the brain, sensory and motor skills, and levels of hormones. Cognitive: how our mental processes and abilities to think and communicate change over time. Socio-emotional: changes in how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and regulate emotions.

Answer 7

Piaget proposed that we change how we think as we form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how the world works. Assimilation: the process we use to incorporate new information into existing frameworks for knowledge. Accommodation: the process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

Answer 8

the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects. Occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs.

Answer 9

the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information

Answer 10

The founders of Gestalt psychology postulated a series of laws to explain how our brains group the perceived features of a visual scene into organized wholes.

Answer 11

Penfield discovered that electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex could evoke the perception of touch in different regions of the body. For the most sensitive regions of the body, such as the lips and fingers, a great deal of the cortex is dedicated to processing touch

Answer 12

Pavlov observed that dogs began to salivate as soon as they saw bowls of food Salivating at the sight of a bowl is not automatic Behavior acquired through learning by association

Answer 13

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning (food)

Answer 14

a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex (salivation)

Answer 15

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

Answer 16

a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.

Answer 17

anything not previously associated with the unconditioned response. (bell)

Answer 18

Observation of aggression: Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1961) Group 1: watched film of adult playing quietly with Bobo, an inflatable doll Group 2: watched film of adults attacking Bobo The viewers of aggression were more than twice as likely to play aggressively.

Answer 19

the addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behaviour will be repeated. Example: working harder after you receive a pay raise

Answer 20

the addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behaviour will be repeated. Example: working harder after you receive a pay raise

Answer 21

the addition of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behaviour will recur. Example: receiving a speeding ticket

Answer 22

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behaviour will recur. Example: teenage loss driving privileges for speeding

Answer 23

During encoding, you take in information from experiences You hold the information in storage for a period of time You access the information later through retrieval

Answer 24

Memories that include personal experiences

Answer 25

Memories that can be verbally describes.

Answer 26

Memories that involve motor skills and behavioral habits.

Answer 27

vivid memories which seem like a flash photo, capturing the circumstances in which we first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.

Answer 28

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges

Answer 29

``` Naturalist (nature smart) Musical (sound smart) Logical-mathematical (number/reasoning smart) Existential (life smart) Interpersonal (people smart) Bodily-kinesthetic (body smart) Linguistic (word smart) Intra-personal (self smart) & Spatial (picture smart) ```

Answer 30

Reliability is how consistently a psychometric test produces similar results each time it is used

Answer 31

Validity is how well a psychometric test measures what it is intended to measure

Answer 32

Heuristics (also called “mental shortcuts” or “rules of thumb") are efficient mental processes that help humans solve problems and learn new concepts. These processes make problems less complex by ignoring some of the information that’s coming into the brain, either consciously or unconsciously.

Answer 33

Relying on opinions

Answer 34

relying on logical and objective methods.

Answer 35

a state or biological social deficiency

Answer 36

a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to engage in a behavior to satisfy a need.

Answer 37

a desire to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose.

Answer 38

a desire to perform an activity to achieve an external goal that activity is directed towards.

Answer 39

The circumplex model of emotion was developed by James Russell. This model suggests that emotions are distributed in a two-dimensional circular space, containing arousal and valence dimensions

Answer 40

Examples of emotional expression are facial movements such as smiling or scowling, or behaviors like crying or laughing or angry or sad or happy or thankful. Emotional expressions can occur with or without self-awareness.

Answer 41

An eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat and therefore restricting energy intake to obtain a significantly low body weight. Fewer than 1 in 100 people meet the clinical criteria of anorexia nervosa. Anorexia is difficult to treat: Patients cling to the belief that they are overweight or not as thin as they would like to be, even when they are severely emaciated.

Answer 42

An eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging. Approximately 1 to 2 percent of women in high school and college meet the criteria for bulimia nervosa. Those with anorexia nervosa cannot easily hide their self-starvation, but binge eating tends to occur secretly.

Answer 43

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating, which causes significant distress. The American Psychiatric Association officially recognized binge eating as a disorder in 2013. Binge-eating disorder is more common than bulimia among males and ethnic minorities.

Answer 44

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infections that can be, but are not always, transmitted from one person to the next through sexual contact.

Answer 45

Most researchers point to powerful social influences as the leading cause of adolescent smoking. Adolescents may also be affected by media images of smokers. Some people appear especially susceptible to nicotine addiction, perhaps because of genetics

Answer 46

An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

Answer 47

Everyday irritations that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health

Answer 48

The body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses.

Answer 49

The physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger.

Answer 50

The actor-observer bias is a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes

Answer 51

Mental shortcuts that allow for easy, fast processing of social information

Answer 52

An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

Answer 53

Milgram’s classic experiment on obedience A recent replication of the study found that 70 percent of the participants were obedient up to the maximum voltage in the experiment. Ethical considerations Rethinking Milgram’s research

Answer 54

The failure to offer help to people in need Years of research have indicated four major reasons for bystander effect intervention: 1.Bystanders expect other bystanders to help. 2.People fear making social blunders in ambiguous situations. 3.People are less likely to help when we are anonymous and can remain so. 4.Deciding whether to help involves weighing two factors: How much personal harm do you risk by helping someone? What benefits might you have to forgo if we help?

Answer 55

emphasize connections to family, social groups, and ethnic groups, and conformity to societal norms. Including Japan, Greece, Pakistan, China, and some regions of Africa

Answer 56

emphasize rights and freedoms, self-expression, and diversity. Include northern and western Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States

Answer 57

Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. ... Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge

Answer 58

In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle. Freud called the force that drives the pleasure principle the libido. Today, the term has a specifically sexual connotation.

Answer 59

In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that reflects the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct It is a rigid structure of morality, or conscience

Answer 60

In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the superego. The ego operates according to the reality principle, which involves rational thought and problem solving.

Answer 61

There are two major types of social comparison: upward comparison, when people compare themselves to people who are better than they are, and downward comparison, when people compare themselves to those who are less proficient than they are.

Answer 62

Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception

Answer 63

Sickness or disorder of the mind. Drawing the line between “normal” emotions, thoughts, and behaviors and a psychological disorder can be difficult. When a psychological problem disrupts a person’s life and causes significant distress over a long period, the problem is considered a disorder.

Answer 64

Peer influence, parenting, neglect, or abuse, affected two specific traits of psychopathy—fearless dominance (FD) and impulsive antisociality (IA).

Answer 65

To fully understand any disorder, psychologists need to investigate it from four perspectives: 1. Identify the etiology—the factors that contribute to the development of a disorder. 2. Assess the symptoms. 3. Group symptoms into meaningful categories to make a diagnosis. 4. Identify possible treatments.

Answer 66

Many mental disorders may occur together even though the DSM-5 treats them as separate disorders—for example, depression and anxiety, or depression and substance abuse. This state is known as comorbidity

Answer 67

DSM-5 describes 19 major categories of disorder, each of which has several variations or types.

Answer 68

Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger. People who experience anxiety disorders feel anxious, tense, and worried about the future. By continually arousing the autonomic nervous system, chronic anxiety also causes bodily symptoms such as sweating, dry mouth, rapid pulse, shallow breathing, and increased muscular tension.

Answer 69

Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder featuring persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness.

Answer 70

A psychological disorder characterized by extreme alterations thought, in perceptions, and /or in consciousness, resulting in a break from reality, so the person experiences psychosis.

Answer 71

Treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them overcome their psychological problems and disorders.

Answer 72

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them gain insight about how their unconscious processes may be causing inner conflict and impairing daily functioning.

Answer 73

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them develop their full potential for personal growth through greater insight.

Answer 74

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to replace maladaptive behaviours with adaptive ones.

Answer 75

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them change distorted thought patterns.

Answer 76

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy to correct faulty thinking and maladaptive behaviours.

Answer 77

provide support while also improving social skills cost-effectively. Often uses an eclectic mix of psychotherapy approaches.

Answer 78

heal family relationships. Systems approach; often uses an eclectic mix of psychotherapy approaches.

Answer 79

temporarily increase sense of calm. Side effects include drowsiness and addiction.

Answer 80

increase positive mood; reduce emotionality, impulsiveness, and arousal. Side effects include sexual dysfunction, nausea, nervousness, weight gain, digestive problems.

Answer 81

help even out moods, especially manic episodes. Side effects include blunting of positive affect.

Answer 82

reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia and disturbed thoughts in mania in bipolar disorders. Side effects include tardive dyskinesia, seizures, lethargy, fatal loss of white blood cells, heart rate problems, weight gain, type 2 diabetes.

Answer 83

decrease hyperactivity, distractibility, increase attention and concentration. Side effects include insomnia, nausea, weight loss, vomiting and nervousness. Clinical Psychologists,

Answer 84

5-7 years of graduate school conducting research on psychological disorders and treatment, including 1 year of clinical internship. PhD. employment includes academics, private practice, hospitals, schools, mental health centers, substance abuse programs. - 4-6 years of graduate school developing clinical skills to treat people with psychological disorders, followed by 1 year of internship. PsyD. employment includes private practice, medical settings, mental health centers, and substance abuse programs.

Answer 85

3-6 years of graduate school developing clinical skills to treat clients’ adjustments and life stress problems but not psychological disorders. Masters degree or PhD. employment included university student health clinics, mental health centers, private practices, schools, wellness programs, rehab, facilities, business and organization setting.

Answer 86

4 years of medical school with 3-5 years of additional specialization in residency programs to treat people with psychological disorders and prescribe psychotropic medications. MD. Employment includes hospitals, private practice, mental health centers, academics, substance abuse programs.

Final Exam Review Flashcards

(110 cards)