Final Exam Review Flashcards by Heather Schwartz

Children are not born with the bacteria that initiate the carries process. Most children acquire the transmissible cariogenic micro organisms from their mothers are primary caregivers through sharing and tasting foods on a spoon or pacifier and intimate contact, a process referred to as vertical transmission.

Both statements are true

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Demineralization is initiated after a rising pH. Demineralization and re-mineralization may occur several times a day on the surfaces of the teeth.

First statement is false, second statement is true

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To initiate enamel demineralization, the pH must drop to approximately

5.0-5.5

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What elements disassociate from a tooth surface during the demineralization process?

Calcium and phosphate

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The dentin is composed of thousands of small channels known as Tomes fibers, which contain odontoblastic processes, or dentin tubules, bathed by tissue fluids. The dentin tubules are filled with fluid and are important to hydraulically transferring and relieving stresses on the tooth

First statement is false, second statement is true?

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Which sensory nerve fibers elicit a well localized sharp pain considered responsible for dentin hypersensitivity?

Myelinated A- delta fibers

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The likelihood that a patient will experience dentin hypersensitivity is

10%-30%?

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Which teeth are generally affected first in early childhood carries?

Primary maxillary incisors

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The numerous small transverse ridges on the exposed surfaces of the enamel of the permanent teeth and the point of origin of sharpies fibers is called

Perikymata

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One factor that is essential for dental caries to occur

Presence of acidogenic microorganisms

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Which of the following micro organisms primarily secretes lactic acid?

Streptococcus mutans

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With regard to sensitivity, the mechanism of action of potassium nitrate is to

Reduce nerve excitability by blocking repolarization of nerve endings

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Chlorhexidine gluconate rinse is effective in the reduction of carries causing bacteria along with the pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Chlorhexidine gluconate is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent

Both statements are true

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What surrounds the cell membrane of the odontoblast?

Dentinal fluid

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What type of bacteria is most often implicated in root caries?

Actinomycetes

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Desensitizing agents that precipitate calcium fluoride on other compounds to block exposed or open tubules are classified as what?

Tubule obtundants

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What is the single most reliable factor in identifying a future risk for caries activity?

Recent caries experience

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The presence of which of the following inhibits dissolution and enhances the remineralization process?

Fluoride

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To increase its effectiveness A mild electrical current is applied to a dentifrice, which is applied to the tooth. This process is termed

Iontophoresis

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Which teeth typically have the highest incidence of dentin sensitivity?

Canine and pre-molar

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Chronic, long-term relief for tooth sensitivity is best treated with

Continual use of fluoride containing products

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What type of nerve fibers produces a dull, non-localized aching pain that is felt with direct pulpal stimulation?

Unmyelinated C fibers

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Which of the following additives has been shown to control dental caries by preventing the transmission of cariogenic bacteria from mother to infant?

Xylitol

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Which of the following is not a way dentin can become exposed to the oral environment?

Protein precipitant

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The most numerous of all white blood cells, representing our first line of defense are

Neutrophils

Which of the following is an active re-mineralizing agent in an over the counter dentifrice?

Amorphous calcium phosphate

Potassium chloride is effective in reducing hypersensitivity because it affects the action caused within the tubules by increasing the excitability of the intradental nerves and altering the membrane potential

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct

Which of the following best describes dentin discomfort, or pain, resulting from hypersensitivity that occurs in exposed dentin in response to mechanical, chemical, thermal, evaporative, tactile, or osmotic stimulus through the tooth surface?

A sharp pain of limited duration

The movement of small molecules between spaces in enamel crystals occurs through which type of channel?

Diffusion

From a legal perspective, cultural competence can help to avoid

Liability and malpractice claims

Each of the following agents may be effective in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity except which one?

Sodium bicarbonate

Recaldent is a complex of casein phosphopeptide an amorphous calcium phosphate that precipitated the calcium and phosphate ions needed to re-mineralize teeth. CPP and ACP are used in place of fluoride products

First statement is true, second statement is false?

Which of the following bacteria is most commonly involved in the carries process?

Streptococcus mutans

Iontophoresis is commonly used because it diffuses fluoride ions directly into dentin tissue, which strengthens the dentin tubules and contributes to the regrowth of enamel.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct

Which bacteria is an early colonizer that is associated with the tongue?

Streptococci salivarius

The result of the basic erosive where examination is not only a measure of the severity of the condition but also a guide for management. Scores one and two indicate dentin involvement

First statement is true, second statement is false

Each of the following techniques is used to treat dentin hypersensitivity except which one?

Tubule dehydration

In the presence of fermentable carbohydrates, specific micro organisms can produce organic acids that are capable of which of the following

Dissolving calcium and phosphate from the enamel and Denton

Biphosphonates are a class of drugs used to reduce the risk of fracture in patients with osteoporosis. Oral biphosphonates are most strongly linked with the development of biphosphonate osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Both statements are true?

A tubule obtundent should be recommended when

There is exposed dentin accompanied by symptoms of pain when any type of stimuli provokes a reaction

Secondary prevention can also be termed

Restorative care

Which of the following is not one of the most common fluoride releasing materials currently used in dentistry

Topical fluoride products

The relationship between acid levels of the tooth surface and time following consumption of sugar is

Stephen curve

Each of the following statements are true of A Delta fibers except which one?

A Delta fibers are commonly associated with electrical stimuli

What covers healthy dentin in the clinical crown in the anatomical root portion of the tooth

Enamel and cementum

Which of the following is not a treatment option for a carious lesion that involves the pulp?

Re-mineralization

The obligation to engage in the process of cultural competence is a professional responsibility grounded and societal expectation. Dental providers can demonstrate respect for cultural differences by acknowledging that a patient believes and values on preventive care may be different than their own

Both statements are true

A delta sensory nerve fibers are myelinated and responsible for well localized short duration sensations. C fibers are on myelinated fibers characterized by poorly localized aching pain

Both statements are true?

Select the treatment that decreases tubule diameter and interrupts the nerve transmission and fluid flow to the pulp

Protein precipitants

What is the layer of collagen and calcified material that cannot be brushed off but yet blocks the dentinal tubules

Smear layer

Your patient has just concluded orthodontic therapy and is upset about the white areas in the former location of the brackets. Which of the following would be the best dentifrice recommendation for this patient

Remineralization dentifrice with fluoride and calcium phosphate

What are the four primary factors implicated in the development of a carious lesion?

A susceptible host tooth, acidogenic micro organisms, available fermentable carbohydrate substrate, and a sufficient period of time for these factors to occur

Select the condition that would benefit the most from using the Charters method

Orthodontic appliances

The two bacteria most often implicated and routine periodontal disease includes

Porphymonous gingivalis | Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

The rampant carries that often occurs because of the destruction of the oral salivary gland’s that have been in the x-ray beam as a part of cancer treatment is called

The salivary glands are —— glands meaning that there secretion leaves the glands to bathe the oral cavity

Exocrine

Mucositis is a concern for patients who have which treatment types?

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Which salivary gland secretes the majority of the sodium bicarbonate that is essential in neutralizing acids produced by cariogenic bacteria

Parotid gland

Rotary toothbrushes are better versus sonic toothbrushes are manual toothbrush is. Given that the scientific evidence does not dictate one type of toothbrush over another, and the practice setting clinical judgment and patient values are equal determining factors and the type of brush that is recommended

—— Refers to the number of new cases of a disease and a specified population during one year per 100,000 individuals

Incidence

—— Is the repair of enamel rods after prolonged exposure to an acidic environment

Remineralization

A chronic inflammatory dermatological disease that frequently manifest as lesions of the oral cavity is called

—— Involves the degree of alteration of cells from their normal morphology and function

Differentiation

——— Syndrome is also known as hyper IGE syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by an over abundant production of IGE. The primary dictation does not exfoliate, which can result in two very crowded sets of teeth being present at the same time

Job

Dislocation or displacement of a tooth is called

Luxation?

Lack of sufficient blood to a part of the body is called

Ischemia

Exfoliative cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells obtained from tissue. Because more than 90% of oral cancer is arise from epithelial tissue, exfoliative cytology is an affective screening aid to determine whether to biopsy a lesion

Both statements are true

—— Is a rare genetic disease of the white blood cells. The leukocytes cannot migrate to site of infection and one of the first signs of this disorder is severe periodontal disease in children

—— Is a fibrous, sulfur containing proteins which cannot be penetrated even by gastric acid

Keratin

A pre-malignant condition during which cells undergo a combination of cellular and architectural changes is called

Humoral immunity is carried out by T cells from the thymus. Cellular immunity is carried out by the B cells from the bone marrow

Both statements are false

What is the term that describes the heat treatment in which each filament and on a toothbrush is sealed and rounded

End rounding

A process that occurs when the damage is slow growing cementoblasts allows osteoblasts to attach areas of bone directly to the root before the cementoblast can cover the root with cementum. The direct attachment above needs recontouring of the physiological bone, with the entire root being replaced by bone. This is called —— resorption

Replacement

Which of the following chemical cleansers has the potential to whiten an acrylic denture?

Alkaline hypo chlorite

Granulomas are a systemic response to a foreign substance that has invaded a body tissue. Typically, granuloma’s are painful and must heal on their own so they do not recur

Both statements are false

Hyperbaric oxygen is used in the treatment of

A quick response to — indicates inflammation and often time indicates a need for a root canal therapy

Class three crown fracture involves

Enamel, dentin, and pulpal tissue

Drooling or excessive salivation is called

Sialorrhea

—— Are made of granulamatous tissue, which occasionally forms in large carious lesions

The bass method of toothbrushing is not acceptable for all patients. This method is effective at removing the plaque at the gingival margin and directly below it

First statement is false, second statement is true

—— Is accomplished by determining the degree of differentiation exhibited by the cells and how closely the cells resemble normal tissue structures

In which of the following oral disease state is the host defense response more responsible for tissue destruction to the pathogen’s themselves?

Cementum is the hardest substance in the human body, harder than cortical bone. Enamel is composed of fluorapatite

First statement is false, second statement is true

Malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue is called

Carcinomas

Actinic chelitis is a demonstrated pre-cancerous lesion usually occurring on the lower lip. Actinic chelitis frequently progresses to squamous cell carcinoma

Dentistry is concerned most with which immunoglobulin

IgA

—— is the building of vascular tissue needed to sustain cancerous growth

Tobacco cessation medication should be discussed with and recommended to patients as part of a tobacco dependency intervention because they are able

Aid in the reduction of withdrawal symptoms

—— Is the primary cause of tonsillar cancer

Human papilloma virus

Identify the product that can reduce sub gingival bacteria in pockets up to 6 mm

Pulsating oral irrigator

Autofluorescence is a handheld device the clinician uses to observe changes in appearance of oral tissues. Abnormal tissue typically appears as an irregular, dark area that stands out against the otherwise normal green fluorescent pattern surrounding healthy tissue

Both statements are true

Which of the following statements about white spot lesion is most correct?

? Decalcified/ demineralized enamel

The presence of which of the following inhibits dissolution and enhances the remineralization process?

Fluoride

Lactobacilli tend to suppress or displace other acidogenic bacteria. Lactobacilli thrive in a very high pH environment and are one of the least acid tolerant of the cariogenic micro organisms.

The statement is correct, but the reason is not

Potassium chloride is effective in reducing hypersensitivity because it affects the action caused within the tubules by increasing the excitability of the inter-dental nerves and altering the membrane potential

The movement of small molecules between spaces and enamel crystals occurs through which type of channel?

Diffusion

Patients at high risk for carries need to retain higher fluoride reservoirs. Dental hygienist should advise carries prone individuals to spit out remaining toothpaste when brushing their teeth and avoid rinsing with water.

Each of the following agents may be effective in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity except which one?

Sodium bicarbonate

What is responsible for 50 to 60% of restorations needing to be replaced?

Secondary caries

Iontophoresis is commonly used because it diffuses fluoride ions directly into dentin tissue, which strengthens the dentin tubules and contributes to the regrowth of enamel.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct

Which bacteria is an early colonizer that is associated with the tongue?

Streptococcus salivarius

Biphosphonates are a class of drugs used to reduce the risk of fracture in patients with osteoporosis. Oral biphosphonate’s are most strongly linked with the development of biphosphonate osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Which of the following is not one of the most common fluoride releasing materials currently used in dentistry?

Topical fluoride products

Select the desensitizing agents that are classified as proteins precipitants

Silver nitrate | Strontium chloride