Final Exam Review (weeks 1-4)

Question 1

What is a discipline?

Answer 1

A branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of knowledge

Question 2

What level of prevention involves activities aimed at reducing factors leading to health problems?

Answer 2

Primary prevention

Question 3

What level of prevention involves early detection and intervention in the potential development of a health problem?

Answer 3

Secondary prevention

Question 4

What level of prevention is focused on the treatment of a health problem?

Answer 4

Tertiary prevention

Question 5

What are the 4 pillars of primary health care?

Answer 5

• Teams
• Information
• Healthy living
• Access

Question 6

What are the 3 approaches to health in Canada?

Answer 6

1. Medical
2. Behavioural
3. Socioenvironmental

Question 7

What are health disparities?

Answer 7

Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, or opportunity to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations

Question 8

Health ______ cause health inequalities

Answer 8

Inequities

Question 9

What are the 5 principles of the Canada Health Act?

Answer 9

1. Public administration
2. Comprehensiveness
3. Universality
4. Portability
5. Accessibility

Question 10

Who does the federal government deliver health services to?

Answer 10

• Indigenous peoples
• Veterans
• Federal inmates
• RCMP

Question 11

How did the Romanow Commission (2002) view Medicare?

Answer 11

As something sustainable that must be preserved because it represents core values of Canadians

Question 12

How did the Kirby Report (2002) view Medicare?

Answer 12

As a system that is not sustainable

Question 13

What are the 3 barriers to primary health care?

Answer 13

• Individual-level barriers
• Practice-level barriers
• System-level barriers

Question 14

What are the 5 levels of health care?

Answer 14

• Level 1: Health promotion
• Level 2: Disease and injury prevention
• Level 3: Diagnosis and treatment
• Level 4: Rehabilitation
• Level 5: Supportive care

Question 15

Who formed the Sisters of Charity: first visiting nurses?

Answer 15

Marguerite d’Youville

Question 16

Who provided care to early settlers?

Answer 16

Mme Hébert

Question 17

Who founded the first hospital in Quebec?

Answer 17

Jeanne Mance

Question 18

Who is the founder of modern nursing?

Answer 18

Florence Nightingale

Question 19

Where was the first undergraduate nursing program established in Canada?

Answer 19

University of British Columbia

Question 20

Which provinces have endorsed Baccalaureate as Entry-to-Practice (BETP)

Answer 20

All except Quebec

Question 21

Where was the first Masters of Nursing program established in Canada?

Answer 21

University of Western Ontario

Question 22

Where was the first doctoral program for nursing established in Canada?

Answer 22

University of Alberta

Question 23

Who monitors the nursing educational standards in Canada?

Answer 23

The provinces and territories and the Canadian Association for Schools of Nursing (CASN)

Question 24

What is the CNA?

Answer 24

Canadian Nurses Association
- Leader in advocacy and policy development

Question 25

Who developed the Code of Ethics?

Answer 25

CNA

Question 26

What is the CNO? What is its role?

Answer 26

College of Nurses of Ontario - Set scope of practice - Protect the title of nurse - Protect the public against unqualified, incompetent practice

Question 27

What are the 2 broad approaches to the study of ethics?

Answer 27

1. Descriptive moral theory --> explains what people do or think about moral issues 2. Normative --> tells us how we should think about moral questions

Question 28

What is deontological theory?

Answer 28

- Actions are defined as right or wrong - Do not look at the consequences of actions - Moral and honest action is taken regardless of the outcome

Question 29

What is the utilitarian theory?

Answer 29

- No absolute principles - Greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people - The ethical choice is the one with the best consequences

Question 30

What is bioethics?

Answer 30

Actions are obligation based, outcome-oriented, and based on reason

Question 31

What are the 4 principles of bioethics?

Answer 31

- Autonomy - Beneficence - Non-maleficence - Justice

Question 32

What is feminist ethics?

Answer 32

- Focus on equality between people - Attentive to issues of difference, power dynamics, and context

Question 33

What is relational ethics?

Answer 33

- Response to the limits of philosophical theories of justice - Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships

Question 34

What are the 4 themes of relational ethics?

Answer 34

- Environment - Embodiment - Mutuality - Engagement

Question 35

What is an ethical agent?

Answer 35

Someone who has the capacity to direct their actions to some ethical end

Question 36

What is ethical courage?

Answer 36

When nurses stand firm on a point of moral principle

Question 37

What are ethical dilemmas?

Answer 37

Arise when there are equally compelling reasons for and against two or more possible courses of action

Question 38

What is ethical disengagement?

Answer 38

Nurses normalize the disregard of their ethical commitment

Question 39

What is ethical distress?

Answer 39

Arises when nurses are unable to act according to their moral judgment

Question 40

What is ethical indifference?

Answer 40

IMplies a failure to assume the ethical responsibilities of the profession, leaving one in a passive state that calls into question the moral integrity of the nurse

Question 41

What is ethical residue?

Answer 41

What each of us carries with us from times in our lives when we have been seriously compromised

Question 42

What is ethical resilience?

Answer 42

Capacity of an individual to sustain or restore their integrity in response to moral complexity, confusion, distress or setbacks

Question 43

What are ethical violations?

Answer 43

Actions or failures to act that breach fundamental duties to the persons receiving care or to other healthcare providers

Question 44

What are the 4 aspects of the nursing metaparadigm?

Answer 44

Person Nursing Environment Health

Question 45

What was Dorothea Orem's focus in her Self-Care Deficit Theory?

Answer 45

- Nursing care is required is the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs - Focus on the individual's role in maintaining health

Question 46

What was Florence Nightingale's nursing theory entitled?

Answer 46

Environmental theory

Question 47

What is the classification of levels of nursing theory from most abstract to most specific?

Answer 47

- Metaparadigm - Grand theories - Middle-range theories - Practice-level theories

Question 48

What are the 5 ways of knowing?

Answer 48

- Empirics - Esthetics - Personal knowledge - Ethics - Emancipatory knowing

Question 49

What are the 6 steps to evidence-informed practice?

Answer 49

1. Ask 2. Collect 3. Critique 4. Integrate 5. Evaluate 6. Disseminate

Question 50

What does PICOT stand for?

Answer 50

P: Patient/population of interest I: Intervention of interest C: Comparison of interest O: Outcome T: Time

Question 51

What are 4 types of qualitative research designs?

Answer 51

- Ethnography - Phenomenology - Grounded theory - Symbolic interactionism

Question 52

What are 4 types of quantitative research designs?

Answer 52

- Non-experimental - Cohort - Case control - Survey