final exam reviewer

Question 1

The branch of chemistry focused on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of matter to identify substances and determine their amounts.

Answer 1

Analytical Chemistry

Question 2

The process of identifying the components or types of substances present in a sample.

Answer 2

Qualitative Analysis

Question 3

The determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample.

Answer 3

Quantitative Analysis

Question 4

The specific substances being measured or analyzed in a sample.

Answer 4

Analytes

Question 5

An analytical method based on the measurement of mass to determine the quantity of analytes.

Answer 5

Gravimetric Method

Question 6

An analytical method that uses the measurement of liquid volumes to determine analyte concentrations.

Answer 6

Volumetric Method

Question 7

A method that uses electrical properties of a substance, such as current or voltage, to analyze its composition.

Answer 7

Electroanalytical Method

Question 8

A technique involving the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter to measure analytes.

Answer 8

Spectroscopy Method

Question 9

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout.

Answer 9

Heterogeneous

Question 10

A test or analysis to determine the presence, amount, or functional activity of a substance.

Answer 10

Assay

Question 11

The process of collecting a portion of material to represent the whole for analysis.

Answer 11

Sampling

Question 12

Repeated measurements or samples analyzed under the same conditions to assess precision.

Answer 12

Replicates

Question 13

Substances that hinder the accurate measurement of an analyte by affecting the analysis.

Answer 13

Interferences

Question 14

The components of a sample other than the analyte of interest.

Answer 14

Matrix

Question 15

Methods that measure only the analyte of interest, even in complex mixtures.

Answer 15

Specific Techniques

Question 16

Methods that target specific analytes but may include minor contributions from other substances.

Answer 16

Selective Techniques

Question 17

The process of relating the response of an instrument to known quantities of analyte.

Answer 17

Calibration

Question 18

The number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Answer 18

6.022×10^23; Avogadro’s Number

Question 19

The mass of one mole of a substance, typically expressed in grams per mole.

Answer 19

Molar Mass

Question 20

The average mass of an atom of an element, considering all its isotopes.

Answer 20

Atomic Mass

Question 21

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and, therefore, different masses.

Answer 21

Isotope

Question 22

A measure of concentration expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution.

Answer 22

Molarity

Question 23

The calculation of reactants and products in a chemical reaction based on balanced equations.

Answer 23

Stoichiometry

Question 24

A measure of concentration expressed as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Answer 24

Molality

Question 25

The percentage of a component's mass relative to the total mass of the mixture or solution.

Answer 25

Weight Percent

Question 26

The percentage of a component's volume relative to the total volume of the mixture.

Answer 26

Volume Percent

Question 27

The percentage of a solute's mass relative to the solution's total volume.

Answer 27

Weight/Volume Percent

Question 28

a unit of concentration equal to 1 part in 1,000 parts.

Answer 28

Parts per thousand (PPTh)

Question 29

a unit of concentration equal to 1 part in 1,000,000 parts.

Answer 29

parts per million (PPM)

Question 30

a unit of concentration equal to 1 part in 1,000,000,000 parts.

Answer 30

Parts per billion (PPB)

Question 31

a unit of concentration equal to 1 part in 1,000,000,000,000 parts

Answer 31

Parts per trillion (PPTr)

Question 32

The measured amount of product obtained from a reaction.

Answer 32

Actual Yield

Question 33

The calculated amount of product expected based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.

Answer 33

Theoretical Yield

Question 34

proton donors

Answer 34

Acid

Question 35

proton acceptors

Answer 35

base

Question 36

The species formed when an acid donates a proton.

Answer 36

Conjugate Base

Question 37

The species formed when a base accepts a proton.

Answer 37

Conjugate Acid

Question 38

The closeness of a measurement to the true or accepted value.

Answer 38

Accuracy

Question 39

The consistency or repeatability of a set of measurements.

Answer 39

Precision

Question 40

Consistent and predictable error affecting all measurements in the same way.

Answer 40

Systematic Error

Question 41

Unpredictable variations in measurements caused by uncontrollable factors.

Answer 41

Random Error

Question 42

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Answer 42

Solution

Question 43

The process of converting a measurement from one unit to another using dimensional analysis.

Answer 43

Unit Conversion

Question 44

Adjusting the coefficients in a chemical equation to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.

Answer 44

Balancing a Chemical Reaction

Question 45

A unit representing 6.022×10^23 entities of a substance.

Answer 45

Mole

Question 46

Absorption of UV/visible light by molecules corresponding to electronic transitions.

Answer 46

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Question 47

Absorption of IR radiation causes molecular bond vibrations; it detects and measures these absorptions.

Answer 47

FTIR Spectroscopy

Question 48

Measures light absorption by free atoms in a gaseous state at specific wavelengths.

Answer 48

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Question 49

Uses a graphite furnace to atomize the sample, providing greater sensitivity than flame AAS.

Answer 49

Graphite Furnace AAS (GFAAS)

Question 50

Excited atoms emit light at characteristic wavelengths; emissions are measured for analysis.

Answer 50

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)

Question 51

Separates ions based on mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), providing molecular weight and structure.

Answer 51

Mass Spectroscopy (MS)

Question 52

Generates and manipulates electron beams using electric/magnetic fields; historically used in displays and oscilloscopes.

Answer 52

Cathode Ray Tube

Question 53

a laboratory procedure used to determine the presence, amount, or concentration of a substance in a sample

Answer 53

assay

Question 54

unit of weight

Answer 54

N

Question 55

unit of mass

Answer 55

kg

Question 56

It refers to the amount of a substance (solute) dissolved in a given volume of solvent or solution. It is commonly expressed in units such as molarity (moles per liter), molality (moles per kilogram), weight percent, or parts per million (PPM).

Answer 56

concentration

Question 57

It have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, which results in different atomic masses.

Answer 57

isotopes