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Organisms 2 > Final Exam Revision > Flashcards

Final Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Panmitic species

A

all members of the species mate randomly and are considered to form one large population

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2
Q

what are eel larvae & juveniles called?

A

larvae: leptocephalus
juveniles: elvers

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3
Q

Eels vs. Salmon

A

Eels are catadromous (running downwards)

Salmon are anadromous (running upwards)

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4
Q

Euryhaline species

A

species that can survive in a range of salinities

(brackish water = medium salinity)

The are 2 types of euryhaline species of fish : catadromous (ex:eel) & anadromous (ex:salmon)

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5
Q

Name the 3 levels of biodiversity

A

Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecological diversity

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6
Q

Define an endemic species

A

A distribution limited to small areas (ex: birds/plants/insects of the Galápagos Islands)

> > conservation is generally directed towards regions with high density and high endemism

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7
Q

which is faster, extinction or speciation?

A

Speciation, be otherwise we would have no biodiversity

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8
Q

Define Background extinction

A

gradual loss of species in a natural population as conditions gradually change

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9
Q

Define mass extinction

A

loss of a late number of species during a short period of time due to a natural disaster (ex: volcano)

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10
Q

what is anthropogenic extinction?

A

Loss of species due to human activity

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11
Q

Invasive species are the second most important threat to biodiversity. Why?

A
  1. Cause disease
  2. Act as predators or parasites
  3. Act as competitors
  4. Alter habitat
  5. Hybridize with local species
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12
Q

What is ballast water and what problem can it cause? Solution to this problem?

A

Ballast water is the water put in cargo ships to balance them when they are unloaded.
It is a problem if you discharge ballast water in a new environment bc it contains organisms that are not native to the new ecosystem.
Solution: exchange ballast water while still at sea bc salt water will kill any freshwater organisms remaining in the tanks.

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13
Q

Why is biodiversity worth preserving?

A

Moral considerations
Economic considerations
Environmental quality
Maintenance of ecosystem function

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14
Q

Name some forms of animal communication

A 
sound
scent
touch 
pheromones
movement
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15
Q

Hyperphagia

A

Intense period of feeding prior to migration (fat is stored for the long journey)

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16
Q

How is the sound crickets make called, and how to they make it?

A

Stridulation : rubbing body parts together

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17
Q

What is auditory communication used for?

A 
mating
warning calls
territoriality
sensing surroundings 
maintenance of group structure
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18
Q

How does echolocation work?

A

the location of objects is determined by using reflected sounds

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19
Q

What is jamming?

A

in echolocation, interference between incoming and outgoing signals
Jamming can be used as a defence mechanism by prey (ex: tiger moths)

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20
Q

Paired fins of lobe-finned fishes are homologous to what?

A

Amphibian limbs

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21
Q

What are cleaner shrimp?

A

crustaceans that clean other organisms by eating their parasites

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22
Q

How can fish produce sounds?

A
  1. Using stridulation (rubbing specialized body structures together)
  2. Using sonic muscles attached near the swim bladder
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23
Q

What are 2 types of vocalization in birds?

A

Calls&raquo_space; short and simple, given by either sex, used for coordinating behaviour (I.e. identifying family members, alerting not flock to predators, etc.)

Songs&raquo_space; longer and more complex than calls, can be innate or learned, used to attract mate & defend territory

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24
Q

What is an example of a non-vocal bird sound?

A

drumming (ex: woodpeckers)

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25
What do amphibians use to make sounds?
vocal sac
26
What are some unique features that distinguish mammals from other organisms?
``` hair integumentary glands endothermic big brain dioecious mostly viviparous ```
27
What is a cecum?
spacious side pocket of digestive track where fermentation occurs
28
Name the 4 tropic categories
1. carnivore 2. herbivore 3. insectivore 4. omnivore
29
How is the digestive system adapted for each diet?
Insectivore >> short intestine, no cecum Nonruminant herbivore >> simple stomach, large cecum and colon Ruminant herbivore >> four-chambered stomach with rage rumen, long small intestine and colon Carnivore >> short small intestine and colon, small cecum
30
What is r-selected reproduction?
Produces thousands of offspring / no parental care / minimal nourishment / low % survival
31
What is k-selected reproduction?
few offspring / parental care / nourish embryo / high % survival
32
True or false: many organisms employ aspects of both r-selected and k-selected reproduction?
True
33
What are the 3 types of sexual reproduction?
Bisexual reproduction >> most common form, make and female gametes, 2 haploid gametes combine to form a zygote Hermaphroditism >> make and female organs appear in the same individual, most avoid self-fertilization Parthenogenesis >> can also be categorized as asexual, embryo develops from unfertilized egg, sperm may activate but not fuse with egg
34
Define dioecious
Having male and female gonads in separate individuals
35
Define monoecious
hermaphroditic >> having both male and female gonads in the same organism
36
Characterize reproduction in fishes
dioecious external fertilization oviparous
37
How do open sea teleosts compare to bottom-dwelling fish?
Pelagic (open sea) >> minute, buoyant, transparent eggs / eggs hatch into larvae as they float Near shore and benthic (bottom-dwelling) >> eggs with more yolk / non-buoyant, adhesive / eggs are buried, attached to vegetation, deposited in nests / many benthic fish guard their eggs
38
What is a sequential hermaphrodite?
Initially mature as one sex but then switch to another (ex: clownfish) >> all individuals start out as males with female dormant gonads / if female dies, the adult male becomes the female
39
Define parthenogenesis
Development of embryo from unfertilized egg, or an egg where male and female nuclei failed to unite following ferilozation
40
Describe both types of parthenogenesis
ameiotic (diploid) >> no meiosis occurs / offspring are clones of parents / considered the 'asexual' form of parthenogenesis (ex: amazon molly) meiotic >> haploid ovum formed by meiosis
41
Give the main traits of reproduction in birds
``` All birds are dioecious All birds are oviparous Generally don't have external genitalia Cloaca >> opening to the reproductive system in males & females Internal fertilization by 'cloacal kiss' ```
42
In birds, where does fertilization occur?
In the oviduct
43
Explain monogamy & polygamy
Monogamy >> an individual has only one mate Polygamy >> an individual has more than one mate during breeding period
44
Name and describe the 2 types of polygamy in birds
Polygyny >> male has more than one female mate Polyandry >> female mates with several mates (she lays multiple clutches of eggs which individual males care for)
45
Altricial vs Precocial?
Altricial >> young are dependant on parent when they are born Precocial >> young can walk/run/swim as soon as they are born. Dailey independent, although still protected from predators by parents for some time
46
What are the 3 classes of Echinodermata we covered?
Asteroidea >> sea stars Echinoidea >> sea urchins/sand dollars/heart urchins Holothuroidea >> sea cucumbers
47
What do all Echinoderms have in common?
Water-vascular system Pentaradial symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical larvae
48
Is regeneration (e.g. sea star) a form of asexual reproduction?
Yeah
49
What echinoderm adults also have superficial (secondary) bilateral symmetry?
Heart urchins (class Echinoidea) Sand dollars (class Echinoidea) Sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea)
50
What are the 5 hallmarks of the phylum Chordata?
``` Notochord Dorsal nerve chord Endostyle Postnatal tail Pharyngeal slits ```
51
Define Agnatha
Jawless fish
52
Define Osteichthyes
Bony fish - teleost
53
Are all vertebrates tetrapods?
No
54
Are fish a monophyletic group?
No >> they are all vertebrates that are not tetrapods
55
What is the purpose of a shark's asymmetrical tail?
Provides lift as it swifts through the water
56
Define squalene
Buoyant lipid in Sharks' livers
57
Where are gills located?
Pharyngeal cavity
58
Do some fish have both gills and lungs?
Yes, so they are capable of breathing air
59
What are gills made of?
Composed of thin filaments that are covered with an epidermal membrane >> membrane is folded repeatedly onto lamellae >> lamellae contain blood capillaries
60
What is a hyperosmotic regulator?
freshwater fish >> they contain greater concentrations of salt than surrounding water
61
What kind of fish are hypoosmotic regulators?
Marine fish >> smaller concentration of salt than surrounding water
62
Define ovoviviparous
young develop within the female body without additional nourishment from her and hatch within her or immediately after laying
63
What are the 2 classes of Agnatha we covered?
Hagfishes | Lampreys
64
Name the 2 classes of Osteichthyes
Ray-finned fish | Lobe-fibbed fish
65
What are teleosts?
A subgroup of Ray-finned fish (group Osteichthyes)
66
Name the 3 major groups of fish
Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
67
What are some characteristics of chodrichthyes?
Cartilaginous skeleton >> bone completely absent Placoid scales Heterocercal tail >> asymmetrical, provides lift
68
Name the 3 types of scales
Placoid >> toothlike structures, typical of sharks Ganoid >> diamond shaped Cycloid and Ctenoid >> overlapping rows, typical of teleosts
69
What type of tail do Ray-finned fish have?
Homocercal >> allows for greater speed >> permitted by the swim bladder (in sharks, the heterocercal tail enables them to float)
70
What types of lobe-finned fishes are alive today?
Lungfishes | Coelacanths
71
What type of tail do lobe-finned fishes have?
Diphycercal They also have both lungs and gills
72
What is special about lungfishes?
They can live out of the water for extended periods of time
73
What pattern of macroevolution so coelacanths illustrate?
Stasis >> they are 'living fossils'
74
What are some characteristics of chodrichthyes?
Cartilaginous skeleton >> bone completely absent Placoid scales Heterocercal tail >> asymmetrical, provides lift
75
What did the limbs of amphibians evolve from?
Lobe-finned fishes
76
Name the 3 main groups of amphibians
Caecilians Salamanders Frogs
77
What is an amniote?
A monophyletic group within vertebrata >>animals that have an amniotic membrane around the embryo (birds, mammals, nonavian reptiles)
78
What is an anamiote?
A vertebrate that lacks an amniotic membrane around the embryo (fishes, amphibians...the animals tend to lay their eggs in water)
79
What are some adaptations of amniotes?
1. Amniotic egg 2. Stronger jaws 3. Thicker more waterproof skin 4. Expanded brain and sensory organs 5. Rib ventilation of the lungs >> these adaptations allow for exploitation of drier habitats and a more active lifestyle
80
What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg?
Amnion Chorion Allantois Yolk sac
81
What does a shell have that allows for the passage of gases but limits water loss?
A semipermeable barrier
82
What is positive / negative ventilation? Who uses which?
Positive >> push air into the lungs Negative >> expand thoracic cavity to pull air into the lungs ``` Amphibians = positive Amniotes = negative ```
83
What is ammonia?
Amphibians mostly excrete metabolic waste as ammonia (Mammals excrete their nitrogenous waste as urea) (Birds / nonavian reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid)
84
Define fenestrae
Holes in amniote skulls
85
What are the three patterns of holes (fenestrae) in the temporal region of amniote skulls?
Anapsid >> no openings Diapsid >> 2 openings Synapsid >> 1 temporal opening
86
What parts make up a turtle's shell?
Dorsal carapace + ventral plastron >> shell is made up of an outer layer of keratin and an inner layer of bone
87
Describe reproduction in turtles
Oviparous Internal fertilization >> temperature determines sex in most turtles, all crocodilians and some lizards/snakes > low temperature = males
88
Define Squamata
Lizards + snakes >> defining features: scales + kinetic skulls
89
Define Squamata
Lizards + snakes >> defining features: scales + kinetic skulls
90
Snakes vs Lizards
Different common ancestor, | lizards have moveable eyelids + ear openings (snakes don't), snake skull is more kinetic
91
What are Jacobson's organs?
Paired organs located in the roof of the mouth in all snakes and some lizards >> used for smell, in combination with the tongue
92
What are Jacobson's organs?
Paired organs located in the roof of the mouth in all snakes and some lizards >> used for smell
93
The order crocodilia is comprised of what?
Crocodiles and alligators
94
What is a unique feature that distinguishes birds from other animals?
Feathers
95
Why is there less structural diversity among birds than other taxa?
Flight limits structural diversity
96
What are some adaptations of the bird skeleton for flight?
Reduction of mass >> pneumatic (hollow) bones + no teeth Rigidity >> fused vertebrae and pelvis + keel (large, flat sternum)
97
What characterizes the avian respiratory system?
Air sacs >> throughout thorax and abdomen, even inside bones! Connected to lungs. Continuous flow of oxygen >> it takes 2 cycles for a single breath to pass through the system
98
What are the 3 types of mammals?
Monotremes >> egg-laying
99
Define integument + integumentary system
Integument >> an external covering Integumentary system >> comprised of skin and appendages, role in protection, distinguishes mammals as a group
100
What are cetaceans?
Whales / Dolphins / Porpoises
101
What are the 2 kinds of hair and what are their uses?
Underhair >> soft and dense, used for isolation > does not get wet Guard hair >> longer and coarse, used for protection and coloration
102
What are 2 examples of modified hairs?
Quills in porcupines Vibrissae (whiskers) on the snouts of mammals
103
What are the 4 classes of integumentary glands?
Sweat Scent Sebaceous Mammary
104
What are the 2 types of sweat glands?
Eccrine >> for cooling, occurs in hairless regions Apocrine >> acts in thermoregulation or pheromones, open into a hair follicle
105
What are scent glands used for in mammals?
Communication marking territory warning defence
106
Do monotremes produce milk?
Yes, but they lack nipples : milk is secreted onto the fur of the motherMs belly, where young lap it up
107
Name the 3 main branches of mammals
Subclass Prototheria >> monotremes Subclass Theria >> marsupials Infraclass Eutheria >> placental mammals

Organisms 2 (1 decks)

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