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Final EXAM sem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Operation Torch

A

The British-American invasion of French North Africa during World War II that started on November 8, 1942.

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2
Q

Operation Overlord

A

The code name for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II, starting on June 6, 1944 (D-Day).

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3
Q

Battle of Britian

A

A military campaign of World War II, in which the Royal Air Force defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany’s air force, the Luftwaffe.

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4
Q

Battle of the Bulge

A

The last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II, launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on December 16, 1944.

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5
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

A surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 8:00 a.m. on December 7, 1941.

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6
Q

Battle of Midway

A

A decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place between June 4 and 7, 1942, six months after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor.

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7
Q

Battle of the Coral Sea

A

A major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia, fought from May 4 to 8, 1942.

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8
Q

Battle of Iwo Jima

A

A major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

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9
Q

Women in the Military

A

Women served in various roles during World War II, including as nurses, clerical workers, and in non-combat positions, significantly contributing to the war effort.

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10
Q

Allied Invasion of Germany

A

The Allied forces invaded Germany from the west, leading to the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II.

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11
Q

Manhattan Project

A

A research and development project during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

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12
Q

Truman(why drop the bomb)

A

President Harry S. Truman decided to use atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force Japan’s surrender and end World War II swiftly.

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13
Q

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A

The two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.

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14
Q

Rosie the Riveter

A

A cultural icon representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II.

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15
Q

Tuskegee Airmen

A

A group of African-American military pilots who fought in World War II, known for their exceptional skill and bravery.

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16
Q

Navajo Code-Talkers

A

Native American Marines who used their Navajo language to create an unbreakable code for transmitting secret military messages during World War II.

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17
Q

Island Hopping

A

A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan, involving the capture of specific islands and bypassing others.

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18
Q

Executive Order 9066

A

An order signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 that led to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

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19
Q

Red Scare

A

The fear of communism spreading in the United States, leading to a period of political repression and the persecution of suspected communists.

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20
Q

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A

A committee of the U.S. House of Representatives that investigated alleged disloyalty and subversive activities.

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21
Q

Joseph McCarthy / McCarthyism

A

A period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States during the early 1950s, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

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22
Q

Ethel and Julius Rosenburg

A

A married couple who were convicted of espionage for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union and were executed in 1953.

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23
Q

Fallout Shelter

A

Structures built during the Cold War to protect people from radioactive debris or fallout resulting from a nuclear explosion.

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24
Q

National Highway Act

A

A 1956 law that authorized the construction of a national interstate highway system, significantly improving transportation infrastructure in the United States.

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25
Containment
A United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad.
26
Marshall Plan
An American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe in economic support to help rebuild after the devastation of World War II.
27
Domino Theory
The idea that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall, like a row of dominoes.
28
Truman Doctrine
A United States policy to provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism, first implemented in Greece and Turkey.
29
Eisenhower Doctrine
A policy enunciated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957 promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression.
30
Berlin Airlift
A military operation in 1948-1949 that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin (later they built the Berlin Wall), had cut off its supply routes.
31
Arms Race
A competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, particularly between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
32
Mutually Assured Destruction
A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.
33
Space Race
The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve significant milestones in space exploration during the Cold War.
34
Sputnik
The first artificial Earth satellite, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, marking the start of the space race.
35
Berlin Wall
A guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
36
Korean War combatants
The war fought between North Korea (with support from China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with principal support from the United States).
37
38th Parallel
The dividing line between North and South Korea established after World War II.
38
Bay of Pigs
A failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-sponsored paramilitary group on April 17, 1961, intending to overthrow Fidel Castro.
39
Cuban Missle Crisis
A 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba, occurring in October 1962.
40
Thurgood Marshall
The first African-American Supreme Court Justice, known for his success in the Brown v. Board of Education case.
41
Rosa Parks
A civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her seat on a segregated bus led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
42
Martin Luther King Jr
A leader in the Civil Rights Movement, known for his nonviolent protests and famous 'I Have a Dream' speech.
43
Medger Evers
A civil rights activist and NAACP field secretary who was assassinated in 1963.
44
Stokely Carmichael
A civil rights activist known for his leadership in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and for popularizing the term 'Black Power.'
45
Little Rock nine
A group of African-American students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957.
46
Greensboro Sit ins
Nonviolent protests in 1960 that led to the desegregation of Woolworth's lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina.
47
Boycotts
A form of protest involving the refusal to purchase goods or services from a particular company or country.
48
Freedom Rides
Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into segregated southern states to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court rulings.
49
March on Washington
A massive protest in Washington, D.C., in 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his 'I Have a Dream' speech.
50
Freedom Summer
A 1964 campaign to register African-American voters in Mississippi.
51
Plessy v Ferguson
A 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
52
Brown v Board of Education
A 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
53
24th Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1964, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials.
54
Civil rights act of 1964
A landmark civil rights law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
55
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A landmark piece of federal legislation that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
56
Affirmative Action Programs
Policies designed to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society.
57
Jackie Robinson
The first African-American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era, breaking the baseball color line.
58
Emmet Till
A 14-year-old African-American boy whose murder in 1955 helped spark the Civil Rights Movement.
59
James Meredith
The first African-American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi in 1962.
60
Letter from Birmingham Jail
An open letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963, defending the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism.
61
Malcom X
A civil rights leader who advocated for the rights of African Americans and was a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam.
62
Black Power
A political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent.
63
Suburbanization
The process of population movement from within cities to the rural-urban fringe.
64
Beatniks / Beat generation
A group of American writers and artists in the 1950s who rejected conventional society and favored free-form experimentation in life and literature.
65
Rock n Roll
A genre of popular music that originated in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
66
The great society
A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.
67
counterculture
A social movement in the 1960s that rejected the norms and values of mainstream American society.
68
woodstock
A music festival in 1969 that became an emblematic event of the counterculture movement.
69
Ho Chi Minh
The communist leader of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
70
Ngo Dinh Diem
The first president of South Vietnam, whose authoritarian regime was supported by the United States until his assassination in 1963.
71
Robert McNamara
The U.S. Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam War, known for his role in escalating American involvement in the conflict.
72
William Westmoreland
The U.S. Army general who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968.
73
Henry Kissinger
A U.S. diplomat who served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, playing a significant role in U.S. foreign policy during the Vietnam War.
74
Main goal in Vietnam
The main goal of the United States in Vietnam was to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.
75
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
A resolution passed by the U.S. Congress in 1964, giving President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to use military force in Vietnam.
76
Pentagon Papers
A classified government study that revealed the U.S. government had misled the public about the Vietnam War.
77
War Powers Act (1973)
A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to armed conflict without the consent of Congress.
78
Ho Chi Minh Trail
A logistical network of roads and trails used by North Vietnam to transport supplies and troops during the Vietnam War.
79
operation rolling thunder
A U.S. bombing campaign against North Vietnam from 1965 to 1968.
80
Napalm
A highly flammable sticky jelly used in incendiary bombs and flamethrowers, used extensively during the Vietnam War.
81
Tet Offensive
A series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces, during the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) in 1968.
82
My Lai Massacre
The mass killing of hundreds of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops in 1968.
83
Burning Draft Cards
A form of protest against the Vietnam War, where young men publicly burned their draft cards.
84
Johnsons Withdraw from 1968 Election
President Lyndon B. Johnson announced he would not seek re-election in 1968.
85
1968 Democratic National Convention
A political convention marked by protests and police violence, held in Chicago.
86
26th Ammendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1971, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18.
87
Richard Nixon
The 37th President of the United States, who resigned in 1974 following the Watergate scandal.
88
Woodward and Bernstein
Journalists who investigated and reported on the Watergate scandal.
89
Gerald Ford
The 38th President of the United States, who succeeded Richard Nixon following his resignation.
90
Jimmy Carter
The 39th President of the United States, known for his focus on human rights and the Camp David Accords.
91
Water gate scandel
A political scandal involving President Nixon's administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement in the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters.
92
Three mile island
The site of a nuclear accident in Pennsylvania in 1979, the most serious in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.
93
Comp David Accords(1978)
Peace agreements between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Jimmy Carter.
94
Iran Hostage Crisis
The seizure of 52 American diplomats and citizens by Iranian revolutionaries in 1979, held hostage for 444 days.
95
SALT I & SALT II
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to limit the number of nuclear weapons.
96
National Organization for women (NOW)
An American feminist organization founded in 1966.
97
Roe v Wade (1973)
A landmark Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion in the United States.
98
Ronald Reagan
The 40th President of the United States, known for his conservative policies and the end of the Cold War.
99
Sandra Day O'Conner
The first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court, serving from 1981 to 2006.
100
George H.W. Bush
The 41st President of the United States, known for his foreign policy achievements including the Gulf War.
101
Clarence Thomas
A U.S. Supreme Court Justice, known for his conservative views and controversies during his confirmation.
102
Bill Clinton
The 42nd President of the United States, known for his economic policies and impeachment trial.
103
Federal spending priorities
The allocation of government funds to various sectors, including defense, healthcare, and education.
104
"Evil Empires" speech
A speech by President Ronald Reagan in 1983, where he described the Soviet Union as an 'evil empire.'
105
Liberal v Conservative veiwpoints
Differing political ideologies, with liberals typically supporting government intervention in social and economic matters, and conservatives favoring limited government and traditional values.
106
Brady Bill
A law enacted in 1993 requiring background checks for handgun purchasers in the United States.
107
Family Medical Leave Act
A U.S. labor law passed in 1993 that provides employees with job-protected, unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.
108
"tear down this wall" speech
A speech by President Ronald Reagan in 1987, urging the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to dismantle the Berlin Wall.
109
Iran-Contra scandal
A political scandal during the Reagan administration involving the secret sale of arms to Iran and the illegal funding of Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
110
End of cold war
The period marked by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, leading to the end of the geopolitical tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
111
Persian gulf war
A conflict in 1991 where a coalition led by the United States expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
112
Operation desert strom
The combat phase of the Persian Gulf War, involving a massive U.S.-led air and ground assault against Iraq.
113
Clinton impeachment/ scandal
The impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998 for perjury and obstruction of justice, related to his extramarital affair with Monica Lewinsky.
114
2000 election / Bush v Gore
The controversial U.S. presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore, ultimately decided by the Supreme Court. The Court held that the Equal Protection Clause guarantees to individuals that their ballots cannot be devalued by "later arbitrary and disparate treatment". Even if the recount was fair in theory, it was unfair in practice.
115
George W Bush
The 43rd President of the United States, known for his response to the September 11 attacks and the Iraq War.
116
Osama Bin Laden
The founder of the militant Islamist organization al-Qaeda, responsible for the September 11 attacks.
117
Barack Obama
The 44th President of the United States, known for his healthcare reform (Affordable Care Act) and efforts to combat climate change.
118
Donald Trump
The 45th President of the United States, known for his unconventional leadership style and policies on immigration and trade.
119
Joseph Biden
The 46th President of the United States, known for his focus on COVID-19 response and infrastructure investment.
120
Taliban
An Islamist militant group that regained control of Afghanistan in 2021 after the withdrawal of U.S. forces.
121
Al Qaeda
A militant Islamist organization founded by Osama Bin Laden, responsible for numerous terrorist attacks including September 11.
122
Dept. of Homeland Security
A U.S. government department created in response to the September 11 attacks to coordinate national security efforts.
123
USA Patriot Act
A law passed in 2001 to strengthen U.S. measures to prevent, detect, and prosecute terrorism and other criminal activities.
124
Affordable Car Act
A healthcare reform law enacted in 2010 aimed at expanding insurance coverage and reducing healthcare costs.
125
Dobbs v Jacksons Womens Health Org. (2022)
A Supreme Court case that overturned Roe v. Wade, ending federal protection for abortion rights.
126
Social Media
Online platforms that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking.
127
September 11 2001
The date of terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda, resulting in the collapse of the World Trade Center and significant loss of life.
128
War in Afghanistan
A conflict initiated by the U.S. in response to the September 11 attacks, targeting al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
129
Financial Crisis of 2008/2009
A global economic crisis triggered by the collapse of the housing market and financial institutions.
130
Election of Obama
The 2008 presidential election in which Barack Obama became the first African-American President of the United States.
131
Death of Bin Laden
The killing of Osama Bin Laden by U.S. Navy SEALs in Pakistan on May 2, 2011.
132
COVID-19 Pandemic
A global pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, resulting in widespread illness, death, and economic disruption starting in 2019.
133
Assault on Capital (Jan 6 2021)
A violent attack on the U.S. Capitol by supporters of President Donald Trump attempting to overturn the 2020 presidential election results.

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