Final Exam study Flashcards

Question

quasi-experimental research- what does it do, how are participants assigned, what does it involve, (2) limitations, name the 2 types.

Answer 1

- tests causal relationships between variables, - purposive recruitment - usually involves field experiments (experiments that occur in real-life settings) Limitation/challenge: environment not fully controllable, can't have a control group because it observes things irl BUT it is still possible to manipulate the IV by looking at people who have the characteristics.

Answer 2

- DV is measure after the treatment- so no control group Limitations: lack of control group makes it easy to misinterpret the results, and so you can't be fully sure about what is causing the outcome. - QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

Answer 3

- single group performs an experiment and the DV is measured before and after. Limitations: possibility of the effects of special events, maturation, and practice effects. -QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

Answer 4

- does not manipulate an IV - Purposive assignment (need participants who possess certain characteristics) - useful when you can't manipulate the IV and when exploring non-causal relationships

Answer 5

- gather large amounts of data, and quickly, get details about a large population, to describe the characteristics of a pop or phenom, and to investigate the opinions and behaviours of a pop. ALSO USEFUL WHEN LIMITED RESOURCES.

Answer 6

Surveys: collect data about a pop, is a research method (process), involves statistical analysis and is used to draw conclusions, and takes longer to conduct. Questionnaire: collects data about one person, is only a tool to gather information, does not involve a formal analysis, answers cannot be generalized to the pop, quickly administered.

Answer 7

- self-administered either in hard copy or online, or - administered by the researcher through a form of interview where the researcher reads the questions and answer options.

Answer 8

Strengths: gather lots of info in short time, reaches large pops, don't have to do in person so easier to reach more divers profile, cost-effective and less time consuming, versatile so it's adaptable so many social contexts, and sample is representative so results are generalizable. Limitations: data collections relies on single instrument so if there's a problem you can't go back, forces people to choose btw predetermined questions which can be mis-interpreted, not understood, may not represent their POV, validity of the results (not represent POVs), risks of missing data, Participants often tended to answer based on social desirability (answer questions that make them look good), bias in persons who choose to participate.

Answer 9

cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective

Answer 10

administered only once at a particular point in time, doesn't consider evolution of a phenom and pops- so, (Limitations:) it gives a 'stagnant' picture, is difficult to generalize, and difficult to know is results apply long after the assessment

Answer 11

repeated observations through assessment over a long period of time (months-years), follows the same inds over time so there is RISk of attrition (may lose some participants over time, generally 70-80% must stay in the study for results to be accurate). - Trend survey, panel survey, and cohort survey

Answer 12

measures evolution and changes over time such as opinions, characteristics, and behaviours. They administer the same questions at different moments, but the interests are trends and not specific groups so respondents aren't necessarily the same on each occasion. - type of longitudinal survey

Answer 13

audience is surveyed multiple times and it tracks changes in behaviours, attitudes, thoughts, etc. and the relationships between variables. The same persons participate in each assessment so there is high risk of attrition and can't replace them, and is costly and requires a lot of resources. - Type of longitudinal survey

Answer 14

tracks changes over time with the same questions, regularly surveys people of a same category of interest but not necessarily the same individuals (doesn't have to be same people but need to have particular characteristics) - type of longitudinal survey

Answer 15

administered only once but ask questions about a series of past events

Answer 16

- clear & unambiguous (one idea per question), appropriate wording depending on the population and should be adapted to their capacity to understand the question, as neutral as possible to minimize bias and limit social desirability, and you should obtain feedback/pre-test the questions.

Answer 17

1. define the goal and purpose of the study, 2. get a clear idea of what you want to learn, 3. identify relevant questions, 4. brainstorm potential questions with a team, 5. organize potential questions

Answer 18

1. be one possible answer, 2. close-ended, 3. mutually exclusive (an idea cannot be represented in two choices) - ex. yes/no, likert scales with measure of agreement

Answer 19

measure the relationship between variables and determine the direction and strength of the association between them. -Useful when you're looking for association or relationships between variables (not causal), when exploring unknown or potential relationships, and unable to manipulate the IV

Answer 20

ALLOWS: to discover the relationships between multiple variables, DEVELOP theories or hypotheses, and establish reliability and validity of (quantitative) measurement tools. DOES NOT ALLOW: you to infer causation, TEST hypotheses or theories, or explain why variables are associated.

Answer 21

false, it allows you to DEVELOP theories and hypotheses but not test them.

Answer 22

correlational studies need to use words where the variables are more on the same level, for example relationship, and not use words that infer causation like in experimental such as effect, impact, or cause.

Answer 23

1. the variables are NOT manipulated or controlled, 2. the relationship is bidirectional (both variables my influence each other instead of one causing the other), and 3. the variables vary together (don't know/not the aim to know which variable came first, no specific order, no independent and dependent variables)

Answer 24

- natural variables, - can select many in the same study, - need to focus on variables that are concretely observable, - and the variables need to be quantifiable and measurable (ex. close-ended questions with close-ended answers)

Answer 25

1. Positive correlation: there is a relationship between two variables, the positive direction means as one variable increases do the others, represented by numbers +0 to +1 2. Negative correlation: as scores on one variable increase the others decrease, represented by numbers -0 to -1 (ex as you drink more alcohol you become less able to make accurate decisions. 3. no correlation: change in a variable is not associated with any change in the other variable, not able to make a clear line on the scatterplot diagram.

Answer 26

the pearson's coefficient (r) tells you the strength and direction of the correlation between two variables, closer to zero means the relation is weak, zero means no correlation at all, and closer to 1 indicated a strong relationship.

Answer 27

1. tells you if two variables are associated, 2. tells you the strength of the statistical analysis gives you the Pearson's coefficient which is interpreted to see if the relationship exists and is weak or strong, and 3. tells you whether the correlation is positive or negative

Answer 28

Strengths: - simple and easy to develop (questionnaires with close-ended questions and answers), - easy to conduct and to gather data, - can get large amounts of data quickly (ask lots of Qs at once) - helps to ID the variables that are associated which may also guide future research, - easy to analyze and interpret. Limitations: - can't imply causation because of bidirectional relationship instead of linear, -possibility of confounding variables, - Linear relationship vs. dynamic (linear is when all dots increase in the same direction, or are all together like an upside down V, etc.- only give relevant results when the relationship is linear) -limited range (needs enough variation in the data or else can be misrepresented, can be hard to find any relation if the variables are too limited. -Limited range may change results and mislead interpretations)

Answer 29

explore and understand new/complex phenomena and develop an in-depth understanding of a phenom from the perspective of the social actors concerned with the topic of interest.

Answer 30

field research for where the experienced phenomena can only be taken into account in the social context in which it occurs and with the subjective realities of each participants. - conducted in the natural environment of the participants - involves the observation of a phenom

Answer 31

social constructionist

Answer 32

1. in-depth description and understanding of a group and their ways of living by understanding from within 2. to answer 'how' questions. - to explore or seek to understand the activities and processes, behaviours of individuals and groups, the meaning attributed to certain activities, the social interactions (ex. hierarchy), and group communication (ex. How culture is transmitted).

Answer 33

1. when a phenom is unknown or understudied, 2. the characteristics of a group are misunderstood, 3. the target pop is not easily accessible

Answer 34

1. choose a site based on potential research questions, 2. based on a research topic, 3. exposure to the behaviours, attitudes, and processes of interest, 4. an accessible location, 5. respect the time that you have to conduct the research (pop has to get used to you which may take long- esp for certain groups), 6. distance and travelling

Answer 35

false- you might not have to choose a role because it won't always involve interviews and instead just be observations of the researcher so might not have to introduce yourself, but if you do introduce yourself you need to choose a role- either overt or covert researcher

Answer 36

OVERT: open about being a researcher, good to avoid moral/ethical dilemmas, but bad because it may make them mistrust you (esp with stigmatized groups who don't trust institutions), and the participants may behave differently, also may take longer to get them to trust you). COVERT: don't disclose role of researcher, good for developing relationships faster, getting more information, and getting to experience the phenom, but bad bc there's the risk of being uncovered and losing their trust.

Answer 37

Observation and interviews

Answer 38

observe anything that has to do with the research topic and the pop of interest- environmental characteristics such as sounds, impressions, housing and safety; and observe the target population such as their ways of behaving, social relationships, emotions, etc.

Answer 39

NON-PARTICIPANT: passive observation where the researcher has no interference with the participants. PARTICIPANT: researcher is part of the studied group/community and experiences the phenom

Answer 40

they record observations. Can be done through writing sentences, notes, drawings, photos, etc. They constitute a database and are important because the researcher will be exposed to many new info and observations and will be on the site for a long time, so they need to fill them in as fast and frequently as possible to represent the data you are collecting and not forget.

Answer 41

1. descriptive, 2. analytical, 3. methodological, 4. personal thoughts, emotions, and experiences

Answer 42

what the researcher sees, describe the environment of the target pop, what the pop does, aim to describe the state of the environment where you conduct the research, contain observations that could be looked at by anyone who could go on the site- not up for interpretation. Reflect what you see clearly

Answer 43

the researcher's impressions about their observations/interpretations of the observations, develop reflections about how things occur. First step of analysis- may think about an explanation for the behaviours you're observing in provision to how you will do the analysis later.

Answer 44

any evolutions or changes to the research methodology (ex. R questions, data collection tools, themes you may want to explore). Helps you remember the decisions you made during the process and why you made those decisions. Ethnography is an inductive type of research so methodology may evolve throughout the research.

Answer 45

the researcher will be exposed to many new things, in the case of participant observation they may write about how they felt while conducting the research

Answer 46

INFORMAL: spontaneous, unstructured, flexible, and in the natural environment. FORMAL: planned, generally semi-structured (have pre-developed questions), in a private space, more adaptive if you want to look at more personal issues/thoughts/emotions.

Answer 47

- an ongoing process that starts during data collection (analytical notes) and is iterative with data collection. - type, read, and reflect about the notes, become very familiar with the data, and then code the data using qualitative statistical software (ex. Nvivo) that allows to categorize information into big chunks and reduce data to smaller amounts that are more relevant, then look for emerging themes.

Answer 48

1. obtain a holistic understanding of a group or culture such as understanding their way of living, 2. understand how to develop interventions that are adapted to their context and needs, and 3. generate a new theory

Answer 49

Strengths: - privileged access to real life situations (which can help to understand a complex phenom properly), - study a phenom in its real social context (find things you wouldn't be able to in lab), - observe social interactions and processes, - uncover subconscious behaviour, - highly flexible Limitations: - large amounts of details (time consuming), - small samples, - very demanding for researcher (requires travel and relocation, must spend most time in the environment, may develop close relationships with participants which may be challenging and pose ethical dilemmas upon leaving), - heterogenous data sources (can be difficult to decide which is more important/should be considered more)- and so data is selected subjectively from a large amount since the researcher has to choose this. Limitations: - Large amounts of details (time consuming), - small samples, - very demanding for the researcher (has to move, travel, spend most time there, may develop close relationships which could be hard when leaving), - heterogeneous data sources (have to choose which is more important which falls on the researcher so also subjectivity in data selection).

Answer 50

false, they are a data collection technique

Answer 51

inductive or mixed (both)

Answer 52

a 'conversation' between the researcher and participant that uses open-ended questions, usually held face-to-face and individually. It involves a combination of predetermined themes/questions and emerging questions. Normally in a private space such as a lab or university, but since COVID there have been more virtual interviews.

Answer 53

when studying a complex or unknown or misunderstood phenom, when you need to gather very detailed, nuanced, and in-depth information, and when you need to obtain a contextualized understanding of a phenom such as understanding the impact of a particular social context.

Answer 54

Before: develop an interview guide which consists of a list of topics (3-6), potential open-ended questions (10-15 for interview of approx 1-2 hours), and potential follow-up questions. Then pre-test the interview guide and practice. During: record the interview, perform active listening, guide the interview from the discourse of the participant- guide the order of questions/topic (let participants answers flow), make sure they only talk abt their own experiences, ask spontaneous follow-up questions, be empathetic and sensitive, accept silences and breaks. Immediately after: offer support through resources, debrief on how they feel about the interview and what they think, if there's anything they want to add, and ensure the well-being of the participant.

Answer 55

false, it is often iterative to data collection.

Answer 56

transcribe recordings, analyse them using qualitative analysis software or develop a coding grid. Inductive and deductive, there will be pre-determined and new emerging themes, categorize data by theme. The outcome will be that you identify and explain the themes that best answer your research question.

Answer 57

a group made up of individuals with certain characteristics who focus discussions on a given issue or topic. A qualitative data collection method. Group interview.

Answer 58

useful to 1. gather in-depth knowledge (attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, opinions) in a social context, 2. gather info about unknown/misunderstood topics, 3. collect data from marginalized communities.

Answer 59

1. discuss processes and norms of a group, 2. have the opinion of a group on a topic (that is mostly experienced by the group/pop ur studying), 3. consider the interactions between members of a group, 4. understand what underlies their opinions and motivations, 5. develop and test research/intervention/ political material, 6. to complement other research methods.

Answer 60

1. Time- should take abt 2 hours but should adapt to participants (ex. children need shorter and more). 2. Location/setting- must be easily accessible, safer space, organized for discussions, free from interference. 3. Questions- need to develop an interview guide of about 5-6 open-ended questions and follow up questions. The questions should refer to general experiences and promote group dynamics and interactions

Answer 61

1. Facilitator- develops a relationship with participants, creates warm and welcoming environment, ask questions, promote participation and interaction from all participants, manage interactions between participants, listens and learns, pays attention to the verbal and non-verbal cues, and addresses issues/conflicts. 2. Observer- records the discussion, listens and observes, takes notes about themes discusses and interactions and verbal and non-verbal cues (notes help interpret data), time keeper, and manages of distractions.

Answer 62

1. carefully place participants, 2. manage participation (who is talking too much or not enough), 3. make sure everyone is heard and respected, 4. if they don't participate find creative and engaging means such as drawing, writing, or arts, and then ask questions about these alternative productions.

Answer 63

Similar: iterative data collection and analysis, and transcribing discussions and code all identifying themes. Specific: analysing interactions such as points of agreement/disagreement, conflicts, changes in opinions, and evolution of the discussion

Answer 64

Strengths: 1. gather lots of data quickly, 2. small costs, 3. empowerment of a group, 4. more implication from the participants, 5. discussions and interactions bring new responses that aren't otherwise possible, 6/7. inclusive and safer space in group with similar people- more likely to trust eachother and open up more. 8. consider non-verbal communication which is important to guide follow-up questions and important for analysis bc you can note how ppl felt about a certain topic. LIMITATIONS: 1. difficult to plan, 2. dominant voices, 3. potentially intimidating, 4. compromised confidentiality, 5. risks of lacking depth in the data, 6. quality depends on the researcher's skills/experience

Answer 65

helps analyse and evaluate research objectively. It's important to identify research gaps and limitations, correctly interpret research results and understand how they were obtained, and to improve future research by guiding it and knowing what mistakes to avoid.

Answer 66

the process by which we ensure a research is conducted with sufficient rigor so that the results are accurate and credible. It represents the means that we take to ensure the high quality of a study and to solve and prevent potential methodological issues.

Answer 67

quali studies aim to account for subjectivity, participants' perspectives and context. Scientific rigor aims to ensure the quality of the research process while respecting the objectives of qualitative research.

Answer 68

1. CREDIBILITY- accuracy, relevance and correspondence between the data and their interpretation, take into account the subjectivity of the participant, and take into account the subjectivity of the researcher and how it impacts the research process. 2. TRANSFERABILITY- the ability to transfer the research results to other inds. It isn't typically the aim of quali research but can be achieved under certain circumstances

Answer 69

1. use a flexible and iterative approach so you can identify and fix potential issues, 2. transcribe the data exactly based on the recording to ensure you don't miss any data/info and reduce the risk of relying on memory to interpret the data, 3. use examples of data extract to support the results. 4. also need to take into account the natural context of the phenom by contextualizing the data and providing a detailed in-depth analysis and description of the context where the phenom occurs, 5. Data triangulation (having multiple sources of data and convergence of their results- is not necessary but is very good for credibility, 6. reaching EMPIRICAL SATURATION should be applied in ALL qualitative studies, which is where the data collection brings no new information- NEED TO REACH THIS POINT

Answer 70

1. detailed description of the participants' characteristics, 2. detailed description of the context/environment in which the study is conducted bc results can only be transferred to similar environments.

Answer 71

the capacity to generalize of apply the results to other inds, groups, contexts, periods of time. It depends on the extent to which the sample is representative of the larger population. Utilizes random sampling

Answer 72

quantitative studies aim to produce objective research to uncover precise relationships between variables (correlational or causal). - EXTERNAL and INTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 73

the extent to which the data are trustworthy, and the extent to which bias/errors are present in the data. This manifests through the way we select participants, the way they're assigned to a control/experimental group, and in the way we measure and analyse the variables (measurement tools).

Answer 74

it is important to cite sources to identify who suggested the idea/concept/theory, recognize the contribution of other individuals/researchers, avoid plagiarism, and contextualize our thoughts and the development of a project.

Answer 75

plan of research and step-by-step explanation of how a researcher will conduct a research. These are commonly written for ethical approval, scientific evaluation, scholarships, and grants.

Answer 76

to explain a research problem (convince the project is needed), justify the need to study the research problem (with scientific support), and suggest a method to conduct the research including the participants and sampling, research approach (quali/quanti), data collection tools and analysis strategies, and potential outcomes of the research.

Answer 77

1. introduction- rationale behind the importance of the pop and topic, explain the problem and why it's important and needs to be addressed, the research design and method and expected results, context of the issue (incl def of key concepts), literature review- classify info by theme and have sub-section of ur critical analysis of the lit. 2. research design and method- show the research will allow to address the problem, show what you'll do and how and justify each decision with scientific support, identify and justify the pop, eligibility criteria, recruitment site and strategies, sampling strategies, sample size, and ethical statement, identify and justify the methodological approach and explain the data collection methods and tools, explain and justify data analysis techniques such as software and types of analyses. 3. expected results- for quanti studies this would be the potential response to the hypotheses, for quali studies it would be to know more/better understand the phenom. Also includes implications 4. conclusion- should highlight the importance of the proposed study, explain how it'll contribute to knowledge in your field, and highlight the most important implications of the study. 5. references

Answer 78

- share enough info so others can understand, constructively criticize, replicate, and build on the study. - should share honestly the strengths and challenges such as what worked well, what could be improved, and what could be done differently. - should be shared with other researchers/academics, key stakeholders concerned by the topic such as policy makers, community organizations and service managers, knowledge users, and the general pop. - adapt how you share to who ur sharing it with including the language and format.

Final Exam study Flashcards

(105 cards)