Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards by Amber Barnhart

What is epistemology concerned with?
a. Writing
b. Reality
c. Love
d. Knowledge

d. Knowledge

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Bentham, what determines a being’s moral worth?
a. Their capacity for suffering
b. Their rationality
c. Their ability to speak
d. Their existence as an end-in-itself

a. Their capacity for suffering

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Descartes’ student, Queen Christina of Sweden, declared that “the soul has no…” what?
a. Sex
b. Matter
c. Reality
d. Importance

b. Matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Socrates claimed Diotima taught him that wisdom was what kind of state?
a. A human state
b. A mystical state
c. A peaceful state
d. A divine state

d. A divine state

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For Plato, scientific knowledge of particulars was:
a. easy to come by.
b. provided by the Forms.
c. impossible.
d. provided by experience.

c. impossible.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reaction formation is a Freudian ego defense mechanism that attempts to prevent what from being expressed?
a. Dangerous desires
b. Infantile behavior
c. Herd morality
d. False beliefs

a. Dangerous desires

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why were immigrants attracted to ancient Athens?
a. Because of its reputation as a trading center
b. Because of its reputation for chauvinism
c. Because of its reputation for being welcoming to women
d. Because of its reputation as a tolerant city

a. Because of its reputation as a trading center

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following held that reason was the ground of all knowledge?
a. Berkeley
b. Locke
c. Hume
d. Descartes

d. Descartes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Simone de Beauvoir, what is gender?
a. A social construct
b. A contingency of nature
c. An irrelevant distinction
d. A personal choice

a. A social construct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plato’s dualism argued that there were two “worlds”: one of “being” and one of “becoming.” How many “worlds” does Aristotle posit?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 3

a. 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jeremy Bentham directly challenged the owners, bosses, and ruling classes when he insisted that “each counts as…” what?
a. One and none more
b. A ruler unto themselves
c. The sun in a galaxy of selfhood
d. According to their contribution

a. One and none more

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Marx believed the proper object of Hegel’s dialectic should be what?
a. The nineteenth century
b. Western history
c. Economics
d. The material world

d. The material world

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plato held that a Parmenidean world would be what?
a. Static
b. Constant flux
c. Inferior
d. Sensory

a. Static

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Nietzsche’s term for a “higher type” of humanity?
a. The overman
b. The herd man
c. The upper crust
d. The master class

a. The overman

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nietzsche observed that, in modernity, everything that “elevates the individual above the herd” is called:
a. wisdom.
b. good.
c. foolishness.
d. evil.

d. evil.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Plato claim to be the “dominant drive” for the citizens of Athens during the Sophist’s time?
a. Money
b. Wisdom
c. Freedom
d. Power

d. Power

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who viewed the human mind as a passive receiver of impressions?
a. Cartesians
b. British empiricists
c. Neo-Kantians
d. Continental rationalists (after Descartes)

b. British empiricists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sources tell us that Socrates wrote a hymn to whom?
a. Apollo
b. Athena
c. Aristophanes
d. Asclepius

a. Apollo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Kierkegaard’s term for a subjective condition of an individual living “in the moment,” not relying on groups or institutions for meaning and purpose?
a. Authenticity
b. Irony
c. Vanity
d. Objectivity

a. Authenticity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Socrates mean by the word “incontinence”?
a. A lack of self-control
b. A lack of respect
c. A lack of humility
d. A lack of ability

a. A lack of self-control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the “first” type of causation in Aristotle’s hierarchy of causes?
a. Material cause
b. Efficient cause
c. Final cause
d. Formal cause

a. Material cause

The first principle of existentialism says that “a person is nothing but…” what?
a. What society determines them to be
b. What God determines them to be
c. What nature determines them to be
d. What they make of themself

d. What they make of themself

In contrast to Kant’s philosophy, Kierkegaard held that man could never be his own what?
a. Teacher
b. Judge
c. Lawgiver
d. Guide

c. Lawgiver

Which of the following is an exemplar of Kierkegaard’s “aesthetic stage” of living?
a. Don Juan
b. Bishop Mynster
c. Descartes
d. Johannes Climacus

a. Don Juan

Ontology is the study of what? a. Becoming b. Being c. Change d. Strife

b. Being

Which emerging archetype refers to a philosopher whose work identifies, clarifies, and actively opposes a perceived injustice, typically giving philosophical credence to personal experience based on gender, ethnic background, or social status? a. The philosophical advocate b. The literary social critic c. The public philosopher d. The academic philosopher

a. The philosophical advocate

The Sophists differed from the sophos in that Sophists turned from the study of nature to the formal study of what? a. Human conduct b. Business practices c. Religious doctrine d. Epic poetry

a. Human conduct

Which of the following best describes the Cartesian method of inquiry? a. Systematic doubt b. Dogmatic theology c. Cynicism d. Epicureanism

a. Systematic doubt

A posteriori knowledge is also known as what? a. A priori knowledge b. Empirical knowledge c. Revelation d. Rationalism

b. Empirical knowledge

Why do we suffer, according to Buddha? a. Because we exist b. Because we are partial to ourselves c. Because we are partial to others d. Because we are sinful beings

a. Because we exist

Which Hellenistic school of thought taught that the highest good is found in the most intense pleasure? a. Cyreniac hedonism b. Epicureanism c. Pyrrhonian skepticism d. Cynicism

a. Cyreniac hedonism

What are Socrates’s actions during the battle at Delium meant to demonstrate? a. Indifference to politics b. Love of patriotism c. Indifference to fear d. Love of wisdom

c. Indifference to fear

It has been noted that, to understand the whole of a text, you also have to understand the parts; but to understand the parts, you also have to understand the whole. What is this "problem" of interpretation called? a. The hermeneutical circle b. The philosophical conundrum c. Textual futility d. The reflexivity problem

a. The hermeneutical circle

According to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, what is the status of sentences that cannot be reduced to simple, unanalyzable names that refer to objects? a. They are meaningless. b. They are cryptic. c. They are puzzling. d. They are false

a. They are meaningless.

What was Berkeley’s famous statement to describe his understanding of reality? a. “I refute idealism thus [by kicking a large stone].” b. “I think, therefore I am.” c. “Reality is tabula rasa.” d. “To be is to be perceived.”

d. “To be is to be perceived.”

According to Kierkegaard’s analysis, what is the concept that best expresses Abraham’s willingness to obey God? a. Reason b. Truth c. Wisdom d. Faith

d. Faith

How many epochs of history did Marx identify? a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

c. 5

What did Locke call the subjective qualities of experience, whose existence depends on a perceiver? a. Forms b. Mental qualities c. Primary qualities d. Secondary qualities

d. Secondary qualities

Which of the following best represents the Platonic Form of “circularity”? a. 2πr (the mathematical definition of a circle’s circumference) b. The clock on my wall c. A particular disc d. A circle drawn on a chalkboard

a. 2πr (the mathematical definition of a circle’s circumference)

Which of the following is a problem for any theology that asserts the existence of an all-powerful, all-wise, all-god God? a. The problem of miracles b. The problem of cause c. The problem of evil d. The problem of foresight

c. The problem of evil

At what age did Kierkegaard die? a. 42 b. 27 c. 54 d. 76

a. 42

According to Kant’s categorical imperative, moral duty tells us to “act as if...” what? a. “The maxim of thy action were to become a universal law of nature.” b. “The laws of society were to become a universal law of nature.” c. “The Word of God were to become a universal law of nature.” d. “Thy deepest desires were to become a universal law of nature.”

a. “The maxim of thy action were to become a universal law of nature.”

What inscription did Kierkegaard propose for his gravestone? a. The individual b. Unscientific c. The cursed d. Unforgiven

a. The individual

According to Nietzsche, utilitarianism “sublimates” the individual to what? a. Egoism b. God c. The herd d. Pleasure

c. The herd

For Aristotle, happiness represents what? a. A quality of life in the here and now b. A quality of life in the hereafter c. A quality of life unattainable by Greeks d. A quality of life unattainable by anyone

a. A quality of life in the here and now

Which of the four main areas of philosophy is most concerned with the nature and origin of governments? a. Ethics b. Metaphysics c. Social and political philosophy d. Epistemology

c. Social and political philosophy

Modern utilitarianism developed as a response to social conditions created by what? a. The Industrial Revolution b. The French Revolution c. The Great Depression d. The Communist revolution in Russia

a. The Industrial Revolution

What is Heidegger’s term for the specifically human way of existing (being human)? a. Dasein b. Sein c. Zeit d. Cogito

a. Dasein

What does Singer argue that you should do with “whatever money you’re spending on luxuries, not necessities”? a. Pay it in taxes b. Give it to people in need c. Invest it d. Save it

b. Give it to people in need

The view that "might makes right" is an expression of: a. moral relativism. b. subjectivism. c. moral realism. d. egoism.

d. egoism.