Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards by Amber Barnhart

What does the ovule become after fertilization in angiosperms?
a. Fruit
b. Seed
c. Pollen grain
d. Embryo

b. Seed

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After fertilization, the ovary of an angiosperm becomes:
a. The pollen
b. The seed
c. The fruit
d. The embryo

c. The fruit

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What is the process of fertilization in angiosperms known as?
a. Self-pollination
b. Double fertilization
c. Germination
d. Cross-pollination

b. Double fertilization

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In the structure of a pollen grain, which cell is responsible for fertilization?
a. Endosperm cell
b. Sperm cell
c. Ovule cell
d. Zygote

b. Sperm cell

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Which of the following are the main parts of a seed?
a. Endosperm, pollen, embryo
b. Embryo, ovule, stigma
c. Embryo, endosperm, cover
d. Ovary, ovule, stigma

c. Embryo, endosperm, cover

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Which of the following terms describes a flower with all four floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)?
a. Complete
b. Incomplete
c. Perfect
d. Imperfect

a. Complete

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What is the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers?
a. Perfect flowers have both male and female organs; imperfect flowers have only one.
b. Perfect flowers contain only female organs.
c. Imperfect flowers have only male organs.
d. Perfect flowers only bloom during specific seasons.

b. Perfect flowers contain only female organs.

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Which of the following is true about dioecious plants?
a. They have both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
b. Male and female reproductive organs are on separate plants.
c. They can self-pollinate easily.
d. Their flowers are always perfect.

b. Male and female reproductive organs are on separate plants.

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How does pollination help angiosperms in their reproduction process?
a. It allows fertilization to occur within the ovary.
b. It ensures that sperm cells are carried to the ovule.
c. It provides nourishment to the embryo after fertilization.
d. It allows the ovule to turn into fruit.

b. It ensures that sperm cells are carried to the ovule.

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In the context of pollination, which of the following best describes the role of an insect pollinator for an angiosperm?
a. It helps in the germination of the pollen.
b. It transfers pollen from the male anther to the female stigma.
c. It fertilizes the egg inside the ovule.
d. It forms the seed from the ovule.

b. It transfers pollen from the male anther to the female stigma.

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Which type of plant produces flowers with both male and female reproductive organs on separate plants?
a. Monoecious
b. Dioecious
c. Perfect
d. Imperfect

b. Dioecious

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What would be the consequence if a plant experienced failure in double fertilization?
a. The seed would lack endosperm, making it nonviable.
b. The flower would fail to develop fruit.
c. The pollen would not reach the ovary.
d. The plant would grow slower than normal.

a. The seed would lack endosperm, making it nonviable.

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What is the role of the endosperm in a seed?
a. It provides nutrients to the developing embryo.
b. It protects the seed from the environment.
c. It forms the seed coat.
d. It helps in the pollination process.

a. It provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

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Which structure of the flower produces pollen in angiosperms?
a. Stigma
b. Anther
c. Ovary
d. Style

b. Anther

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Consider a plant species that has both male and female reproductive organs on the same flower. How might this affect its pollination strategy?
a. It would primarily rely on self-pollination to reproduce.
b. It would need external pollinators to ensure cross-pollination.
c. It would only be able to reproduce asexually.
d. It would not require any external environmental factors for reproduction.

a. It would primarily rely on self-pollination to reproduce.

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How many species of flowering plants are there?
a. 100,000
b. 150,000
c. 200,000
d. 250,000

d. 250,000

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Which of the following six species provides 80% of our food?
a. Wheat, rice, corn, potato, sweet potato, and cassava
b. Wheat, barley, oats, corn, soy, and beans
c. Rice, wheat, corn, tomatoes, bananas, and carrots
d. Wheat, sugar, rice, corn, potatoes, and beans

a. Wheat, rice, corn, potato, sweet potato, and cassava

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When did humans begin domesticating plants?
a. 5,000 years ago
b. 10,000 years ago
c. 20,000 years ago
d. 30,000 years ago

b. 10,000 years ago

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What was the first group of crops domesticated by humans?
a. Vegetables
b. Fruits
c. Cereal grains
d. Legumes

c. Cereal grains

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What is the main goal of plant breeding?
a. To increase plant growth rate
b. To develop plants that are more resistant to diseases
c. To produce plants with desirable traits for agriculture and consumption
d. To create hybrid plants with no genetic differences

c. To produce plants with desirable traits for agriculture and consumption

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Why is genetic variation important in plants?
a. It allows plants to be more resistant to pests and diseases
b. It makes plants more difficult to breed
c. It increases the cost of farming
d. It limits the potential for hybrid plants

a. It allows plants to be more resistant to pests and diseases

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What is a gene bank?
a. A facility where genetically modified seeds are stored
b. A collection of seeds used for future plant breeding and conservation
c. A place where plants are grown for research purposes
d. A system used to track the genetic history of plants

b. A collection of seeds used for future plant breeding and conservation

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What is genetic engineering?
a. A technique that uses radiation to mutate plant genes
b. The process of selecting plants with desirable traits through crossbreeding
c. A method of manipulating an organism’s DNA to achieve desired traits
d. A process of cloning plants without modifying their genetic material

c. A method of manipulating an organism’s DNA to achieve desired traits

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What role do restriction enzymes play in genetic engineering?
a. They cut DNA molecules at specific sequences
b. They insert new genes into a plant’s DNA
c. They are used to replicate genetic material
d. They modify the proteins produced by plants

a. They cut DNA molecules at specific sequences

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What is recombinant DNA? a. A plant's DNA modified to prevent crossbreeding b. The genetic material from different sources joined together to create new genetic sequences c. A method for naturally selecting plants with beneficial traits d. DNA obtained from hybrid plants

b. The genetic material from different sources joined together to create new genetic sequences

What are Bt crops? a. Crops that are genetically modified to produce their own pesticides b. Crops that are resistant to bacterial infections c. Crops designed to grow faster than traditional plants d. Crops that are modified to produce more nutrients

a. Crops that are genetically modified to produce their own pesticides

What is herbicide resistance in genetically modified plants? a. The ability of plants to grow without sunlight b. The ability of plants to resist chemicals that would normally kill them c. The ability of plants to absorb more water than normal d. The ability of plants to grow in saltwater environments

b. The ability of plants to resist chemicals that would normally kill them

Which of the following is a pro of genetic engineering in plants? a. It reduces biodiversity b. It can increase food production with fewer pesticides c. It makes plants more vulnerable to diseases d. It limits the variety of plants available for consumption

b. It can increase food production with fewer pesticides

Which of the following is a con of genetic engineering in plants? a. It has no effect on the nutritional value of crops b. It can lead to a loss of biodiversity c. It increases the variety of crops d. It reduces the need for irrigation

b. It can lead to a loss of biodiversity

What is plant propagation? a. The process of genetically modifying plants to produce more seeds b. The act of transferring pollen between plants c. The process of growing new plants from existing ones d. The method of improving a plant’s genetics through breeding

c. The process of growing new plants from existing ones

Which plant propagation method involves dividing the crown of a plant? a. Cuttings b. Layering c. Grafting d. Crown division

d. Crown division

What is the disadvantage of using cuttings for plant propagation? a. It requires advanced genetic modification skills b. It may result in plants with weaker root systems c. The process is slow and requires long-term planning d. It is difficult to ensure the same traits are passed on

b. It may result in plants with weaker root systems

What is the purpose of layering in plant propagation? a. To promote quicker root development by burying part of the plant b. To speed up the process of genetic modification c. To increase the size of the plant’s seeds d. To crossbreed two different plants

a. To promote quicker root development by burying part of the plant

What is the purpose of grafting in plant propagation? a. To combine two plants with different characteristics by joining them together b. To create seeds that produce multiple varieties of plants c. To speed up the process of seed germination d. To ensure that only one plant grows from a seed

a. To combine two plants with different characteristics by joining them together

In grafting, what is the part of the plant called that provides the root system? a. Scion b. Rootstock c. Cutting d. Endosperm

b. Rootstock

If a farmer wanted to grow a new variety of apple with resistance to disease, which method of plant propagation would be most effective? a. Crown division b. Grafting c. Layering d. Seed planting

b. Grafting

You are planning a gardening workshop for beginners and need to teach the easiest method of propagating plants. Which of the following methods would you recommend? a. Grafting b. Crown division c. Cuttings d. Genetic engineering

c. Cuttings

Which of the following is the correct way to write a species name? a. All lowercase letters with no italics b. The first letter of the genus is capitalized, and the species name is in italics or underlined c. Both genus and species names are capitalized d. Both genus and species names are in bold text

b. The first letter of the genus is capitalized, and the species name is in italics or underlined

What does the classification system in biology start with? a. Domain b. Kingdom c. Family d. Genus

a. Domain

What is the primary question about species classification? a. Have all species been evaluated? b. Are all species safe for consumption? c. What environment do the species thrive in? d. How long has each species existed?

a. Have all species been evaluated?

What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms? a. Ionic bond b. Covalent bond c. Hydrogen bond d. Van der Waals bond

b. Covalent bond

Which of the following bonds occurs when one atom donates electrons to another atom? a. Covalent bond b. Ionic bond c. Hydrogen bond d. Metallic bond

b. Ionic bond

Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonds? a. They are the strongest type of bond in molecules. b. They occur between two non-polar molecules. c. They are weak bonds that form between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. d. They involve the sharing of electrons.

c. They are weak bonds that form between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

Why is water important for life? a. It is a poor solvent for ionic compounds. b. It has a high heat capacity, stabilizing temperature. c. It evaporates quickly, cooling organisms efficiently. d. It does not form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.

b. It has a high heat capacity, stabilizing temperature.

The property of water that allows it to "stick" to other surfaces is called: a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. Evaporation d. Surface tension

b. Adhesion

Which of the following properties of water allows it to form droplets on a surface? a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. High specific heat d. Solubility

a. Cohesion

Which of the following is a subunit of carbohydrates? a. Amino acids b. Nucleotides c. Fatty acids d. Monosaccharides

d. Monosaccharides

Which of the following is a polysaccharide used by plants for energy storage? a. Cellulose b. Sucrose c. Starch d. Glucose

c. Starch

What is cellulose primarily used for in plants? a. Energy storage b. Cell structure and support c. Transport of nutrients d. Photosynthesis

b. Cell structure and support

Which of the following is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose? a. Maltose b. Sucrose c. Lactose d. Starch

b. Sucrose

What is the primary function of secondary metabolites in plants? a. To support the basic metabolism of the plant b. To aid in water absorption c. To attract pollinators d. To protect the plant from herbivores, pathogens, and UV light

d. To protect the plant from herbivores, pathogens, and UV light

Which of the following is an example of an alkaloid? a. Caffeine b. Tannins c. Terpenes d. Phenols

a. Caffeine

Which secondary metabolite group includes compounds like flavonoids and tannins? a. Alkaloids b. Phenols c. Terpenes d. Fatty acids

b. Phenols

Which of the following secondary metabolites includes compounds like menthol and camphor? a. Alkaloids b. Phenols c. Terpenes d. Carbohydrates

c. Terpenes

If you are planning to cultivate a crop that is resistant to herbivores, which type of secondary metabolite would be most beneficial? a. Alkaloids b. Terpenes c. Phenols d. Carbohydrates

a. Alkaloids

If a plant is placed in an environment with frequent rainfall, which property of water would be most important in helping the plant manage the changing temperatures? a. Adhesion b. Cohesion c. High specific heat d. Hydrogen bonding

c. High specific heat

If you were working with a plant breeding program focused on improving the resistance of crops to fungal diseases, which group of secondary metabolites would be most important to study? a. Alkaloids b. Terpenes c. Phenols d. Starch

c. Phenols

Which part of the plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis? a. Chloroplast b. Mitochondrion c. Nucleus d. Ribosome

a. Chloroplast

What is the function of chromoplasts in plant cells? a. To store starch b. To store lipids c. To produce proteins d. To give color to flowers and fruits

d. To give color to flowers and fruits

Which type of plastid is primarily involved in the storage of starch in plant cells? a. Chloroplast b. Chromoplast c. Leucoplast d. Mitochondrion

c. Leucoplast

What is the correct sequence of phases in mitosis? a. Prophase → Telophase → Metaphase → Anaphase b. Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase c. Anaphase → Metaphase → Prophase → Telophase d. Metaphase → Prophase → Telophase → Anaphase

b. Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

b. Metaphase

In which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids get pulled apart toward opposite poles? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

c. Anaphase

Which phase of mitosis involves the formation of two distinct nuclei? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

d. Telophase

Spores in meiosis are: a. Haploid b. Diploid c. Tetraploid d. Triploid

a. Haploid

Meiosis involves how many divisions? a. One division b. Two divisions c. Three divisions d. Four divisions

b. Two divisions

What happens during synapsis in meiosis? a. Chromosomes condense b. Homologous chromosomes pair up c. Chromosomes separate into sister chromatids d. The nuclear envelope forms

b. Homologous chromosomes pair up

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis? a. It ensures that the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. b. It results in the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic variation. c. It produces identical chromosomes in both gametes. d. It prevents mutations from occurring.

b. It results in the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic variation.

What is the product of meiosis I? a. Four haploid cells b. Two diploid cells c. Two haploid cells d. Four diploid cells

c. Two haploid cells

What is the product of meiosis II? a. Four diploid cells b. Two haploid cells c. Four haploid cells d. Two diploid cells

c. Four haploid cells

In the alternation of generations, the sporophyte is: a. Haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis b. Haploid and produces diploid spores by meiosis c. Diploid and produces haploid spores by meiosis d. Diploid and produces diploid gametes by mitosis

c. Diploid and produces haploid spores by meiosis

Which generation is haploid and produces gametes by mitosis in the alternation of generations? a. Sporophyte b. Gametophyte c. Zygote d. Embryo

b. Gametophyte

If a plant has a diploid number of chromosomes equal to 16, how many chromosomes will be in the gametes produced by meiosis? a. 16 b. 8 c. 32 d. 4

b. 8

A scientist is studying a plant species with a unique form of meiosis. After meiosis I, the plant produces cells with half the chromosome number. What would be the expected result after meiosis II? a. Four diploid cells b. Two diploid cells c. Four haploid cells d. Two haploid cells

c. Four haploid cells

In a lab, you are asked to observe the process of synapsis in meiosis. In which phase of meiosis would you observe the homologous chromosomes pairing up? a. Prophase I b. Metaphase I c. Anaphase I d. Telophase II

a. Prophase I

When observing a plant cell under the microscope, you notice that the chromosomes are aligning at the center of the cell during cell division. What phase of mitosis or meiosis is this? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

b. Metaphase

During an experiment on plant reproduction, a researcher is trying to determine the genetic diversity in offspring from meiosis. Which process in meiosis contributes most to genetic diversity? a. Mitosis b. Synapsis c. Crossing over d. Independent assortment

c. Crossing over

What type of growth is responsible for the increase in length of a plant? a. Primary growth b. Secondary growth c. Tertiary growth d. Lateral growth

a. Primary growth

Which of the following is responsible for secondary growth in plants? a. Apical meristem b. Lateral meristems c. Protoderm d. Root cap

b. Lateral meristems

Which lateral meristem gives rise to the cork cambium and vascular cambium? a. Apical meristem b. Protoderm c. Ground meristem d. Vascular cambium

d. Vascular cambium

The vascular cambium produces: a. Secondary xylem only b. Secondary phloem only c. Both secondary xylem and secondary phloem d. Root cap and cortex

c. Both secondary xylem and secondary phloem

What part of the plant protects the root tip during growth? a. Root cap b. Cortex c. Apical meristem d. Pith

a. Root cap

Which tissue is responsible for forming the outer layer of the plant's surface? a. Dermal tissue system b. Vascular tissue system c. Ground tissue system d. Apical meristem

a. Dermal tissue system

What is the function of the procambium in plant development? a. Produces ground tissue b. Gives rise to the vascular tissue system c. Forms the dermal tissue d. Initiates secondary growth

b. Gives rise to the vascular tissue system

Which of the following is a part of the ground tissue system? a. Cortex b. Xylem c. Phloem d. Root cap

a. Cortex

What is the main function of trichomes in plants? a. Protecting the plant from herbivores and reducing water loss b. Transporting nutrients to the leaves c. Producing secondary xylem d. Storing nutrients

a. Protecting the plant from herbivores and reducing water loss

Which tissue system is involved in the transport of water, minerals, and sugars in plants? a. Dermal tissue system b. Ground tissue system c. Vascular tissue system d. Epidermis

c. Vascular tissue system

In the root development, the protoderm gives rise to: a. Ground tissue b. Dermal tissue c. Vascular tissue d. Root cap

b. Dermal tissue

Which type of root system is typically found in monocots? a. Fibrous root system b. Taproot system c. Adventitious root system d. Lateral root system

a. Fibrous root system

Which root system is typically found in dicots? a. Fibrous root system b. Taproot system c. Adventitious root system d. Lateral root system

b. Taproot system

What is the primary difference between fibrous and taproot systems? a. Taproots have a central main root, whereas fibrous roots have many smaller roots emerging from the base. b. Taproots do not branch, while fibrous roots have many branches. c. Fibrous roots are typically deeper than taproots. d. Taproots are usually found in monocots, while fibrous roots are in dicots.

a. Taproots have a central main root, whereas fibrous roots have many smaller roots emerging from the base.

In a monocot root, which tissue is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients? a. Phloem b. Xylem c. Endodermis d. Vascular tissue

b. Xylem

Which of the following is involved in cation exchange in plant roots? a. Phosphorus b. Hydrogen ions (H+) c. Potassium ions (K+) d. Magnesium ions (Mg2+)

b. Hydrogen ions (H+)

What are the main components of soil? a. Water, air, and organic matter b. Water, minerals, organic matter, and air c. Water, minerals, carbon, and oxygen d. Water, minerals, organic matter, and nitrogen

b. Water, minerals, organic matter, and air

Which component of soil provides essential nutrients for plant growth? a. Water b. Organic matter c. Air d. Minerals

d. Minerals

What is the purpose of the root cap in plant roots? a. To store energy for the plant b. To protect the root from damage as it grows through the soil c. To transport nutrients to the plant d. To form new root cells

b. To protect the root from damage as it grows through the soil

If a plant is lacking in phosphorus, what part of the plant is most likely to be affected? a. Flowers b. Leaves c. Roots d. Stem

c. Roots

A researcher is studying how plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Which soil component should they focus on to understand plant nutrient uptake? a. Water b. Organic matter c. Air d. Minerals

d. Minerals

If a plant has developed a thick taproot, what type of environment is it most likely adapted to? a. Wet environments with heavy rainfall b. Dry environments where deep water storage is necessary c. Tropical environments with high humidity d. Shaded environments with limited light

b. Dry environments where deep water storage is necessary

Which of the following is the primary function of the vascular cambium in stems? a. To produce the epidermis b. To produce secondary xylem and phloem c. To protect the stem from pathogens d. To produce the ground tissue system

b. To produce secondary xylem and phloem

What is the function of the cork cambium in plant stems? a. To produce the vascular tissue b. To produce the epidermis c. To form the periderm, replacing the epidermis in woody plants d. To transport water and nutrients

c. To form the periderm, replacing the epidermis in woody plants

In which type of stem does the vascular cambium occur? a. Monocot stems b. Dicot stems c. Both monocot and dicot stems d. Non-vascular plants

b. Dicot stems

Which of the following is true regarding monocot stems? a. They have a vascular cambium that allows for secondary growth. b. They have scattered vascular bundles without a defined cambium. c. They do not have any vascular tissue. d. They produce secondary phloem only.

b. They have scattered vascular bundles without a defined cambium.

What is the trace in stem development? a. A type of vascular bundle found in leaves b. A continuation of vascular tissue from the stem into the leaf c. A layer of epidermal cells forming the outer boundary d. A type of phloem tissue found in monocots

b. A continuation of vascular tissue from the stem into the leaf

What is a major difference between monocot and dicot leaves? a. Monocots have parallel venation, while dicots have reticulate venation. b. Dicot leaves have parallel venation, while monocot leaves have reticulate venation. c. Monocots have fewer stomata than dicots. d. Dicot leaves are always simpler than monocot leaves.

a. Monocots have parallel venation, while dicots have reticulate venation.

Which structure in monocot roots is different from dicot roots? a. Vascular cylinder b. Xylem and phloem arrangement c. Presence of vascular cambium d. Root cap

b. Xylem and phloem arrangement

What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in monocot stems? a. Arranged in a circle around the stem b. Scattered throughout the stem c. In a single row along the stem d. Not present in monocot stems

b. Scattered throughout the stem

What tissue is primarily responsible for cation exchange in plant roots? a. Xylem b. Phloem c. Root cap d. Root hairs (epidermis)

d. Root hairs (epidermis)

You observe that a plant has parallel-veined leaves. Which type of plant is this most likely to be? a. Dicot b. Monocot c. Gymnosperm d. Fern

b. Monocot

A researcher examines a cross-section of a root and notices a clear presence of a vascular cambium. Which type of root does this belong to? a. Monocot root b. Dicot root c. Both monocot and dicot root d. Non-vascular root

b. Dicot root

If you were comparing two stems under a microscope, one showing vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem and the other showing vascular bundles arranged in a circle, what types of plants would these stems come from? a. Both monocots b. Both dicots c. Monocot and dicot d. Neither monocot nor dicot

c. Monocot and dicot

What part of the flower contains the female reproductive organs? a. Stamen b. Pistil c. Petal d. Sepal

b. Pistil

What is the function of the receptacle in the flower? a. To hold the ovary in place b. To support the flower’s petals and sepals c. To produce pollen d. To protect the flower from herbivores

b. To support the flower’s petals and sepals

A compound carpel is characterized by: a. A single fused pistil b. Several separate carpels fused together c. Several stamen fused together d. A pistil with a single ovary

b. Several separate carpels fused together

Which of the following is an example of a simple carpel? a. A pistil with one ovary b. Several fused carpels c. A pistil with multiple anthers d. A carpel with many seeds

a. A pistil with one ovary

What is the peduncle in a flower? a. The part that holds the petals in place b. The stem that supports the flower c. The male reproductive part of the flower d. The stigma of the flower

b. The stem that supports the flower

What are the three main categories of fruits based on their development? a. Simple, compound, and multiple b. Hard, soft, and succulent c. Dry, fleshy, and compound d. True, false, and accessory

a. Simple, compound, and multiple

Which of the following fruit types develops from one carpel of a single flower? a. Aggregate fruit b. Simple fruit c. Compound fruit d. Multiple fruit

b. Simple fruit

Which fruit type is formed from several flowers of a single inflorescence? a. Simple fruit b. Aggregate fruit c. Multiple fruit d. Accessory fruit

c. Multiple fruit

If a researcher is studying a flower with several fused carpels, what type of carpel structure are they most likely observing? a. Simple carpel b. Compound carpel c. Perfect carpel d. Imperfect carpel

b. Compound carpel

If a flower’s pistil contains several separate carpels, what type of fruit is most likely to develop from it? a. Simple fruit b. Compound fruit c. Multiple fruit d. Aggregate fruit

d. Aggregate fruit

You observe a fruit that has a single seed inside and a fleshy outer layer. What type of fruit is this most likely to be? a. Dry fruit b. Fleshy fruit c. Compound fruit d. Multiple fruit

b. Fleshy fruit

Which of the following is a characteristic of a drupe? a. A fleshy fruit with a single seed surrounded by a hard pit or stone b. A dry, hard fruit with many seeds c. A fruit that develops from multiple flowers d. A fruit with a soft, fleshy outer layer and a single carpel

a. A fleshy fruit with a single seed surrounded by a hard pit or stone

Which of the following is an example of a drupe? a. Apple b. Peach c. Grape d. Pineapple

b. Peach

What is a characteristic of a pome fruit? a. It develops from a single carpel. b. It has a hard, stone-like pit. c. The fleshy part of the fruit comes from the receptacle. d. It is produced from multiple flowers.

c. The fleshy part of the fruit comes from the receptacle.

Which of the following fruits is an example of a pome? a. Cherry b. Plum c. Apple d. Apricot

c. Apple

What is the main difference between a drupe and a berry? a. Drupes have a hard, stone-like seed inside, while berries have many smaller seeds. b. Drupes are always smaller than berries. c. Drupes have a tough, leathery rind, while berries do not. d. Berries have a single seed inside, while drupes contain multiple seeds.

a. Drupes have a hard, stone-like seed inside, while berries have many smaller seeds.

Which of the following is an example of a berry? a. Coconut b. Strawberry c. Tomato d. Peach

c. Tomato

What type of fruit develops from multiple flowers of a single inflorescence? a. Simple fruit b. Aggregate fruit c. Multiple fruit d. Drupe

c. Multiple fruit

An example of a multiple fruit is: a. Pineapple b. Apple c. Raspberry d. Peach

a. Pineapple

What type of fruit is produced from a single flower with multiple pistils (carpels)? a. Simple fruit b. Aggregate fruit c. Multiple fruit d. Compound fruit

b. Aggregate fruit

Which of the following is an example of an aggregate fruit? a. Strawberry b. Apple c. Grape d. Banana

a. Strawberry

What is the primary characteristic of a legume fruit? a. It has a single large seed inside. b. It develops from a single carpel and opens along two seams. c. It is a fleshy fruit with a hard outer shell. d. It develops from multiple flowers.

b. It develops from a single carpel and opens along two seams.

Which of the following is an example of a legume? a. Pea b. Orange c. Mango d. Apple

a. Pea

Which type of fruit is produced from the ovary of a single flower but consists of several fused carpels? a. Simple fruit b. Compound fruit c. Aggregate fruit d. Multiple fruit

b. Compound fruit

What type of fruit is a strawberry classified as? a. Aggregate fruit b. Simple fruit c. Drupe d. Pome

a. Aggregate fruit

Which pathway of water transport involves movement through the cytoplasm of plant cells? a. Apoplast b. Symplast c. Vascular system d. Xylem

b. Symplast

Which pathway of water transport involves movement through the cell walls and intercellular spaces of plant cells? a. Apoplast b. Symplast c. Vascular system d. Phloem

a. Apoplast

In the tension-cohesion model, which force is responsible for pulling water up through the plant? a. Pressure b. Cohesion c. Adhesion d. Gravity

b. Cohesion

What role does transpiration play in the movement of water in plants? a. It generates the pressure required for water uptake by roots. b. It provides energy for the active transport of water. c. It creates a negative pressure that pulls water up through the plant. d. It prevents water loss from the plant.

c. It creates a negative pressure that pulls water up through the plant.

What is the function of cohesion in the movement of water through plants? a. It allows water molecules to stick to the plant's cell walls. b. It enables the water molecules to move through the apoplast. c. It allows water molecules to stick together, creating a continuous column of water. d. It helps water move into the soil from the plant roots.

c. It allows water molecules to stick together, creating a continuous column of water.

The pressure-flow hypothesis describes the movement of: a. Water from roots to leaves b. Phloem sap from source to sink c. Nutrients through the xylem d. Water through the symplast

b. Phloem sap from source to sink

In the pressure-flow hypothesis, which of the following occurs at the source? a. Active transport of sucrose into the phloem b. Active transport of water into the roots c. Water moves from phloem to xylem d. Sucrose is transported from the leaves to the roots

a. Active transport of sucrose into the phloem

In the pressure-flow hypothesis, where does water flow after leaving the source? a. To the sink b. Back into the root system c. Into the symplast d. Into the chloroplast

a. To the sink

What is the primary role of the sink in the pressure-flow hypothesis? a. To release water into the plant’s vascular system b. To store sugars and other nutrients c. To release oxygen into the atmosphere d. To take up water from the soil

b. To store sugars and other nutrients

A researcher is observing the movement of water in a plant. If the plant is losing water through transpiration faster than it can be replaced by root absorption, what might the plant do? a. Increase cohesion among water molecules b. Increase water uptake by the roots c. Decrease pressure in the phloem d. Increase the size of the apoplast

b. Increase water uptake by the roots

In an experiment, a plant's xylem is severed. What will most likely happen to the plant's ability to transport water? a. The plant will continue to move water through the phloem. b. Water movement will be interrupted, and the plant will experience dehydration. c. Water will still be transported by the symplast. d. The plant will increase water movement through the stomata.

b. Water movement will be interrupted, and the plant will experience dehydration.

Which part of the chloroplast is responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? a. Stroma b. Grana c. Thylakoid membrane d. Cytoplasm

c. Thylakoid membrane

Where does the light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) occur in the chloroplast? a. Thylakoid membrane b. Lumen c. Stroma d. Grana

c. Stroma

What is the main function of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast? a. To synthesize glucose b. To absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy c. To store starch and lipids d. To facilitate the exchange of gases

b. To absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? a. Glucose b. Oxygen c. Carbon dioxide d. Water

b. Oxygen

Which molecules are produced during the light-dependent reactions and used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)? a. ATP and NADPH b. ATP and glucose c. NADPH and oxygen d. Oxygen and glucose

a. ATP and NADPH

What is the main function of the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)? a. To generate energy for the light-dependent reactions b. To produce glucose from carbon dioxide c. To split water and release oxygen d. To transport water and nutrients within the chloroplast

b. To produce glucose from carbon dioxide

What happens in Photosystem I during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? a. Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen. b. ATP is synthesized using light energy. c. NADPH is produced by transferring electrons. d. Carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose.

c. NADPH is produced by transferring electrons.

What is the role of Photosystem II in photosynthesis? a. To produce oxygen by splitting water molecules b. To generate glucose by fixing carbon dioxide c. To produce NADPH for the Calvin Cycle d. To produce ATP for the light-independent reactions

a. To produce oxygen by splitting water molecules

In an experiment, a plant is exposed to light in a controlled environment, but no oxygen is produced. What might be wrong with the plant’s photosynthesis process? a. The plant is not absorbing enough light for the light-dependent reactions to occur. b. The plant is not using water in the light-dependent reactions. c. The plant is producing too much glucose. d. The plant is absorbing too much oxygen.

b. The plant is not using water in the light-dependent reactions.

A plant’s photosynthesis rate is measured at different light intensities. At a very high light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis begins to level off. What is the most likely reason for this? a. The plant has reached its maximum capacity to use light for photosynthesis. b. The plant is absorbing too much water. c. The plant is producing excess glucose. d. The chloroplasts have stopped producing ATP.

a. The plant has reached its maximum capacity to use light for photosynthesis.

What is the primary function of plant hormones? a. To regulate the growth and development of plants b. To protect plants from herbivores c. To transport nutrients through the plant d. To control the photosynthesis process

a. To regulate the growth and development of plants

Which of the following is not one of the five major classes of plant hormones? a. Auxins b. Gibberellins c. Estrogens d. Cytokinins

c. Estrogens

Which plant hormone is primarily involved in promoting cell elongation and growth? a. Abscisic acid b. Cytokinins c. Auxins d. Ethylene

c. Auxins

Which hormone is responsible for promoting the growth of lateral buds and can be involved in breaking seed dormancy? a. Gibberellins b. Cytokinins c. Abscisic acid d. Ethylene

a. Gibberellins

Which plant hormone is involved in the response to environmental stress, particularly water stress, and can promote seed dormancy? a. Cytokinins b. Gibberellins c. Abscisic acid d. Auxins

c. Abscisic acid

Which hormone is associated with the ripening of fruit and the senescence of leaves? a. Ethylene b. Cytokinins c. Gibberellins d. Auxins

a. Ethylene

What is the role of cytokinins in plants? a. Inhibit root growth b. Stimulate cell division and delay aging of plant tissues c. Promote seed dormancy d. Increase the ripening of fruit

b. Stimulate cell division and delay aging of plant tissues

A researcher adds high concentrations of ethylene to a plant. What will most likely happen to the plant? a. The plant will experience rapid growth. b. The plant will produce more flowers. c. The plant will begin to ripen its fruits and age more quickly. d. The plant will increase photosynthesis rates.

c. The plant will begin to ripen its fruits and age more quickly.

What is a key characteristic of bryophytes (mosses)? a. They have vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients. b. They have seeds for reproduction. c. They are non-vascular and rely on water for reproduction. d. They produce flowers for reproduction.

c. They are non-vascular and rely on water for reproduction.

Which of the following is true about the life cycle of ferns? a. They reproduce through seeds. b. They have a dominant sporophyte generation. c. They lack a vascular system. d. Their gametophyte generation is the dominant phase.

b. They have a dominant sporophyte generation.

In gymnosperms like pine trees, what structure is responsible for producing seeds? a. The flower b. The strobilus c. The cone d. The leaf

c. The cone

Which of the following is a major feature of angiosperms (flowering plants)? a. Vascular tissue is absent. b. They reproduce through spores. c. They produce seeds enclosed within fruits. d. They do not have flowers.

c. They produce seeds enclosed within fruits.

What is the dominant generation in the life cycle of gymnosperms (pine trees)? a. Gametophyte generation b. Sporophyte generation c. Seedling generation d. Fruit generation

b. Sporophyte generation

What type of vascular tissue is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients in plants? a. Xylem b. Phloem c. Epidermis d. Cuticle

a. Xylem

What is the primary function of the gametophyte in the plant life cycle? a. To produce spores b. To produce gametes for fertilization c. To produce seeds d. To support photosynthesis

b. To produce gametes for fertilization

A plant is exposed to a new environment where it cannot rely on water for reproduction. Which plant group is it most likely to belong to? a. Bryophytes b. Ferns c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms

c. Gymnosperms

If a researcher observes a plant with vascular tissue and flowers, which group is it most likely to belong to? a. Bryophytes b. Ferns c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms

d. Angiosperms

A student is studying a non-vascular plant that requires water for reproduction and has no seeds. What type of plant is this most likely? a. Moss (Bryophyte) b. Fern (Pteridophyte) c. Pine tree (Gymnosperm) d. Flowering plant (Angiosperm)

a. Moss (Bryophyte)

A plant is observed to produce seeds but does not have flowers. It is likely a member of which plant group? a. Bryophytes b. Ferns c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms

c. Gymnosperms

A plant has seeds encased in a fruit and reproduces via flowers. Which plant group is this plant most likely a member of? a. Gymnosperms b. Ferns c. Bryophytes d. Angiosperms

d. Angiosperms

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

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