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Compounding > Final Exam Study Set > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Set Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantage of the oral route of administration?

A
  • easy to administer
  • NOT painful or embarrassing
  • Less expensive
  • most/only effective route for some drugs
  • Dry forms can reduce stability issues
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2
Q

What are some disadvantage of the oral route of administration?

A
  • Absorption of the drug can vary
  • Therapeutic action can be inconsistent and unpredictable
  • Onset is slower
  • Some drugs are destroyed in GI or might react with food in stomach
  • Can’t be used if patient is comatose or nauseous
  • no guarantee of patient compliance
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3
Q

What are some pros/cons of an oral liquid medication?

A

Pros: easy to swallow, flexible dosing, easy to compound, good for kids, elderly, or in feeding-tubes
Cons: Not convenient to carry, hard to mask drug taste, difficult to formulate, shorter BUD then tablet

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4
Q

Syrups

A
  • oral solutions with high sugar concentration
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5
Q

Spirit

A
  • alcoholic solutions (to dissolve ingredients)
  • store in tight/light resistant container
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6
Q

Elixer

A
  • sweetened hydro alcoholic liquid
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7
Q

Tincture

A
  • vegetable or chemical substances in alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solvents
  • use percolation or maceration process
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8
Q

Aromatic water

A
  • clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile substances
  • store in tight, light resistant containers
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9
Q

Lotions are liquid ______________ for external applications to the skin

A

emulsions

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10
Q

Dissolve __________ soluble substances in the aqueous portion of the solvent and dissolve less soluble substances in ________________ then add solvent (QS) to reach final volume.

A

water, alcohol

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11
Q

________ viscosity liquids should be added to ___________ viscosity liquids and stirred constantly.

A

HIGH, LOW

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12
Q

How could you speed up the preparation time for a solution?

A
  • heating the solvent
  • stirring
  • shaking
  • ultrasonic bath
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13
Q

Solutions allow the dose to be completely _________________, immediately available for absorption and distribution.

A

homogenous

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14
Q

Some drugs may be __________ stable when in solution or __________ stable in solvents that are acceptable for pharmaceutical use.

A

less, not

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15
Q

Can a sugar-free syrup be compounded for a diabetic patient?

A

YES, artificial sweeteners can be used along with a thickener

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16
Q

No preservative is needed for a syrup if concentration of sugar is over __________%.

A

65

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17
Q

Syrups allow for improved compliance in _____________, mask the taste of the drug and soothe irritated tissue in the ____________.

A

children, throat

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18
Q

Why should be careful not to apply excessive heat when preparing a syrup?

A

Can cause hydrolysis, caramelization, discoloration

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19
Q

What type of alcohol is used as a solvent in making an elixir?

A

Ethanol

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20
Q

What advantage does the higher alcohol content give to an elixir as a dosage form?

A
  • better solvent for many drugs
  • more resistant to microbial growth
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21
Q

Best practice for elixirs is to dissolve water-soluble substances in __________________, the alcohol-soluble substance in the alcohol, then add the ______________ solution to the _______________ solution and stir constantly.

A

purified water, aqueous, alcohol

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22
Q

Suspensions are liquids that contain ingredients (active or inert) that are NOT soluble in the vehicle. True or False?

A

True

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23
Q

What dosage form consists of a two-phase system made up of fine solid particles dispersed in a liquid?

A

Suspension

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24
Q

Compared with solutions, what are the advantages and disadvantages of suspensions?

A

PROS: Drugs that are unstable, or difficult to mask in solution, may be more stable and taste better in suspensions
CONS: Dose precision can’t be achieved unless in unit dose form, more prone to microbial contamination

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25
Q

What steps need to be followed in order to compound a suspension?

A
  1. Reduce particle size
  2. Add vehicle to paste, stirring constantly
  3. Pour mixture into calibrated bottle/graduate
  4. Rinse mortar with vehicle
  5. Add vehicle to bottle/graduate until final volume achieved
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26
Q

When making a suspension using hydrophobic powder, what can we add to the powder when forming a paste that will help it disperse in the vehicle?

A

glycerin

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27
Q

What excipients can be added to a suspension?

A
  • Suspending agent that slows settling out of particles
  • Sweetener
  • Flavour, colour, preservative
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28
Q

Ora sweet can be substituted for ____________ syrup
Ora Plus can be subbed for ________________.
Ora Blend is a just combination of Ora Sweet and Ora Plus in a 1:1 ratio.

A

Simple, Methylcellulose 1%

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29
Q

An Emulsion is a two-phase system consisting of two ____________ liquids and an ______________ agent to hold them together in the form of small droplets

A

immiscible, emulsifying

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30
Q

What are the three components that make up an emulsion?

A
  • Internal (dispersed) phase - droplets
  • External phase - liquid containing the droplets
  • Emulsifying agent
31
Q

Water in oil emulsions are usually intended for _____________ preparations such as topical creams and ____________.

A

external, lotions

32
Q

Oil in water emulsions are the most _________ preparations and preferred for ___________ preparations.

A

common, oral

33
Q

An emulsion requires an energy source to break up liquid and increase surface area of internal phase and coat with an emulsifying agent. True or False?

A

TRUE

34
Q

What are the three types of emulsifiers?

A
  1. Surface active agents
  2. Hydrophilic colloids
  3. Finely divided solid particles
35
Q

What do all methods for making an emulsion have in common with each other?

A
  • subdividing the internal phase into very fine uniforms droplets
  • adding minimum amount of oil/water to emulsifying agent to create a sticky mixture
36
Q

What are the the steps for creating an emulsion using the WET GUM method?

A
  • Make a mucilage first
  • add minimum water to emulsifying agent, triturate until uniform
  • add oil in small quantities with rapid trituration
  • add additional water slowly
  • triturate rapidly until complete
37
Q

What are the the steps for creating an emulsion using the DRY GUM method?

A
  • mix emulsifying agent with oil and rapidly mix in a mortar/pestle
  • add water all at once and triturate rapidly
  • a “snapping” sound is heard when the primary emulsion is formed
  • add more water slowly and rapidly triturate until emulsion is completely formed
38
Q

What is the BOTTLE method for forming an emulsion?

A
  • shake together in a bottle using short rapid movements
  • useful for volatile liquids that rapidly evaporate
39
Q

Creaming happens when droplets in emulsion may rise to top or sink to bottom. Emulsions that separate in this way can be made uniform again by __________________.

A

Shaking

40
Q

Coalesced emulsions can also be said to _____________ or _____________. This happens when droplets separate as a layer on top/bottom due to the formations of larger droplets from smaller ones.

A

Crack, break

41
Q

Cracking/breaking can be caused by….

A
  1. Freezing, thawing or extreme heat
  2. Microbial contamination
  3. Oxidation
  4. Addition of ingredients
  5. Dilution
42
Q

Gels are __________________ systems consisting of suspension made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules, interpenetrated by a liquid.

A

semi-solid

43
Q

Magma is a thick suspension of small inorganic _______________. Will form liquid on top due to settling of ______________ particles. Requires a “_____________” label.

A

solids, colloidal, shake well

44
Q

Powders consist of a _______ dosage form made from blended mixture of active ingredients and ______________.

A

solid, excipiants

45
Q

How can powders be administered?

A
  1. mixed with water, juice or food
  2. Insufflated (blown)
  3. applied topically
46
Q

What are some advantages of powder as a dosage form?

A
  • freedom of dosage
  • good for vet prep
  • good for children (can easily mix with food)
  • good stability
47
Q

What are some disadvantages of powders a dosage form?

A
  • Time consuming to prepare
  • difficult to mask taste
  • hard to protect from moisture and air
  • measuring device is often not accurate
48
Q

What is a good strategy when volume requires use of a partial tablet?

A
  • Make more suspension that required
  • weigh one tablet and calculate how many grams of drug + excipients you must weigh in total
49
Q

Ointment bases are _______________ bases that act as carrier of the medication and controllers of absorption. Bases must be compatible, _________________ and capable of releasing the medication

A

semi-solid, non-irritating

50
Q

What are the four classes of ointment bases?

A

Hydrocarbon
Absorption
Water-removable
Water-soluble

51
Q

What are features are we wanting in an ointment base?

A
  • chemically/physically stable
  • nonreactive and compatible with wide range of medications
  • non-toxic, non-sensitizing, non-irritating
  • aesthetically appealing, non-greasy and easy to apply
  • stays in contact with skin until removed
52
Q

What are some properties of a HYDROCARBON base?

A
  • purified mixture of hydrocarbons from petroleum
  • immiscible with water and difficult to wash off
  • not absorbed by skin
  • greasy
  • protectant
  • used to protect, emollient, vehicle
    EXAMPLE: Petrolatum
53
Q

What are some advantage/disadvantages of a HYDROCARBON base?

A

PRO: Inexpensive, nonreactive, nonirritating, good emollient,
protective, and not water washable (stay on the skin and keep
medications in contact).

CONS: Poor patient acceptance (greasy), not easily removed

54
Q

What are some properties of ABSORPTION bases?

A
  • they are capable of w/o and o/w emulsions
  • can hold large quantities of water without changes in consistency
  • greasy
  • used as protectant, emollient or vehicle for aqueous preps
    EXAMPLE: Lanolin, Aquaphor, Aquabase, Cold Cream, Eucerin
55
Q

What are some advantage/disadvantages of a ABSORPTION bases?

A

PROS:Good protective, occlusive and emollient properties, do not wash
off easily (drug stays in contact with the skin), and can absorb
liquids.

CONS: Poor patient acceptance, difficult to wash off, and those
containing water are susceptible to microbial growth.

56
Q

What are some properties of WATER-REMOVABLE bases?

A

AKA Emulsion bases or Creams
- Water-washable
- non-greasy
- emollient
- used in cleansing creams, emollients and as a vehicle
EXAMPLE: Vanishing Cream, Deramabase

57
Q

What are some advantage/disadvantages of a WATER-REMOVABLE base?

A

PROS:Non greasy, aesthetically pleasing, and easily removed form the
skin.

CONS: Less protective, less emollient, and less occlusive that absorption
bases, stability issues due to water content, and subject to
microbial growth.

58
Q

What are some properties of WATER-SOLUBLE bases?

A
  • greaseless (don’t contain any oils)
  • water soluable/washable
  • non-greasy
  • emollient
  • used as a vehicle or emollient
    EXAMPLE: Polyethylene glycol ointment NF
59
Q

What are some advantage/disadvantages of a WATER-REMOVABLE base?

A

PROS: Soluble in water, easily washed off with no oily residue

CONS: Irritating, little emollient properties, some compatibility issues

60
Q

What is a CREAM?

A
  • semi-solid dosage form containing dissolved drugs in suitable base (viscous emulsion)
  • Can be formulated as a w/o or o/w emulsion
  • can use either an absorption base or a water-removable base
61
Q

What is a PASTE?

A
  • semi-solid dosage form for topical application
  • large portion of solids dispersed in a fatty vehicle
    1. Single phase aqueous gel
    2. Fatty paste
  • less greasy and penetrating than ointments
  • USED: sunblock, toothpaste
62
Q

Levigation is the process of ____________ particle size of a solid by _____________ or spatulation with a small amount of liquid in which the solid is not soluble

A

reducing, trituration

63
Q

What types of levigating agents should be used for oleaginous bases vrs. water-removable/soluble bases?

A

Mineral oil - oleaginous base
Glycerin - water-removable/soluble bases

64
Q

Ointments and semi-solids are more physically stable than solutions, suspensions or emulsions and have a better/longer BUD. True or False?

A

True

65
Q

What three things are good to keep in mind when selecting a suitable base?

A
  1. What is the desired effect?
  2. What is the nature of the incorporated medicine?
  3. Where is it being applied?
66
Q

The main functions of the skin are to protect from elements and reduce water loss. True or False?

A

True

67
Q

Our skin helps regulate our body temperature and participates in the ________ response. It also responds to chronic irritation and mirrors your ____________________ level.

A

immune, stress

68
Q

For wet skin lesions use lotions, solutions, pastes, water based creams and __________. For dry skin lesions used ______________.

A

Powders, ointments

69
Q

What is percutaneous absorption?

A

absorption of a drug through unbroken skin

70
Q

What factor affect the rate of absorption?

A

Application: pressure and rubbing, surface area
Concentration
pH of final product
Epidermal layer thickness and condition
Base of product

71
Q

What are some disadvantage of the dermal route of administration?

A
  • amount absorbed is limited (2mg/day)
  • can use percutaneous enhancers to promote absorption
72
Q

What ingredients are considered percutaneous enhancers?

A
  • Alcohols
  • Fatty alcohols, acids and acid esters
  • Polyols
  • Anionic surfactants
  • Cationic surfactants
  • Amphoteric surfactants
  • Nonionic surfactants
73
Q

For epidermic penetration use an _______________ base.
For endodermic penetration use an _______________ base.
For diadermic penetration use an ______________ or ____________ base.

A

oleaginous, absorption, emulsion, water-soluble

Compounding (2 decks)

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