Final Exam Study - Terms Flashcards
To master the FINAL! :) (54 cards)
1
Q
“The Papal Claim”
A
The assertion by the Bishop of Rome of his authority over the entire universal church.
- Claim rejected by Orthodox Christianity and Protestants.
- Friction between East and West today still involves the papal claim.
2
Q
Pachomius
A
290-346 C.E.
- Leader of Desert Fathers
- First to organize a religious community that shared and prayed togehter in Kiononia.
- Communion, Fellowship, Sharing ~ 320 C.E.
- Wrote in the Paralipomena:
1) Problem = Pride
2) Cause = Satan/evil
3) Antidote = Humility - Tells his story through the weeping man.
3
Q
St. Basil (Basil the Great)
A
330 - 379 CE
- Greek theologian who wrote a monastic rule still used in Orthodox monasticism.
- Repent of sins: “Now is the day of salvation”
- Also emphasized labor. (Rewards and crowns come to they who labor)
- Live commandments wholly and totally
- 3 levels of obedience:
1) Out of fear
2) For reward
3) Out of love - Those who have knowledge are judge more harshly.
- Eastern Monasticism
4
Q
St. Benedict (Rule of St. Benedict)
A
480 - 543 CE Prologue to "The Rule of St. Benedict" - Emphasizes humility - Urgency to do work in this life, now. - Give everything to God Western Monasticism
5
Q
Acheiropoieta
A
Icons or images believed to be not made by human hands.
6
Q
Centering Prayer
A
Popular method of contemplative prayer/meditation.
- Roots back to Desert Fathers
1) Sit comfortably with eyes closed.
2) Choose sacred word
3) Let word present as your symbol of sincere intention
4) Return to your sacred word, your anchor.
7
Q
Bernard of Clairvaux
A
- 1090 to 1153
- Focused on the “Song of Songs (Songs of Solomon)” representing stages of ascent to God.
- Physical, sensual imagery: “Kiss me with the kisses of her mouth!”
Sermons: - Emphasized stages in spiritual path and with love.
- Captured violence and non-violence of love, focusing on passionate embrace, a oneness with God called “contemplation.”
8
Q
Hesychasm
A
- Spiritual technique of sitting and inwardly repeating a (silent) prayer.
- Inversion of typical approach to prayer (standing, outward speech to God)
1) assuming a specific posture
2) control over breathing, inhale with “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God,” exhale with “Have mercy on me”
3) Directed to enter the heart. - Came first, then centering praying came after it. Eastern Orthodox.
9
Q
Hildegard of Bingen
A
- 1098 to 1179
- First female theologian recognized by the Catholic church.
- Was sent to preach to clerics, usually a practice only for men.
- Received papal recognition through help of Bernard of Clairvaux.
- Wrote in defense of the church, but challenged her readers spiritual imagination.
- Contemplative nun and politically active woman
- Not confined to the cloistered world of women.
Letter 23: - Hildegard speaks by God’s authority
- Emphasizes music, angels sing in harmony, fallen Adam = lost his angelic voice.
- Through instruments and words, one learns about “inward things”
- Wrote 63 hymns, a miracle play, and 9 books on nature.
- Scivias (Know the ways of the Lord) was a book.
- Feminist: personify love as a beautiful woman
- At the heart of her spiritual world are images of the female forms of Holy Wisdom and Love Divine.
10
Q
Beguines
A
A movement of religious women developed outside of male authority/control and the covenant.
- Focused on passionate and intimate connection with Jesus Christ
- Focused on ascent of the soul to God through mystical logic of contradiction.
11
Q
Cynthia Bourgeault
A
Modern day mystic, episcopal priest, writer, and retreat leader.
- Worked with Thomas Keating on the Awakening to the Present
- Influenced by Thomas Merton
- Reads Cloud of Unknowing for contemporary times.
- Uses it to develop “New Operating System” [Love] not based on ego
- Subject/Object perception vs. non-dual awareness
- Keep attention whole (like quivering bead of mercury)
- Not so much head/heart dichotomy (use reason or heart); again, you cannot know God in subject/object awareness.
12
Q
John Wycliffe
A
- English scholastic philosopher, theologian
- Preached anticlerical and biblically-centered reforms.
- Opponent of papal authority influencing secular power.
13
Q
Sola Scriptura
A
Doctrine that bible contains all knowledge necessary for salvation and holiness.
14
Q
Indulgences
A
Buying a piece of paper that says one is forgiven of their sins.
15
Q
Purgatory
A
State or place of purification or temporary punishment.
16
Q
John Calvin
A
French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation
- Creates Calvinism
17
Q
Johann Tetzel
A
Catholic german Dominican preacher known for selling indulgences.
18
Q
Justification
A
Work of grace by the Holy Spirit. Transformation of the soul from the state of original sin to that of grace through Jesus Christ.
- Formal cause is sanctifying grace
- Efficient cause is God
- Final cause is glory of God
- Meritorious cause is Christ
- Instrumental cause is baptism
19
Q
Four main channels of the Reformation
A
1) Lutheran
2) Reformed
3) Tudor (Anglican)
4) Radical (Anabaptist)
20
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
Emergence of modern science during the early modern period when math, physics, astronomy, etc, transformed the views of society and nature.
- 1550 to 1700
21
Q
Rene Descartes
A
- French
- Key figure in the Scientific Revolution
- Skepticism: Questioned everything, “We may think world is real, but it could be that an evil genius or demon created the world for us… or we could be dreaming.”
- The Matrix, Truman Show
- The only thing we can know is that we are thinking beings.
- I think, therefore I am (cogito ergo sum)
22
Q
Frances Bacon
A
- Englishman that helped Rene Descartes find knowledge during the Scientific Revolution.
- Needed to be a way to come to know things empirically.
- Skepticism: Advocated a more logical scientific approach less prone to reliance on authority and mysticism. Advocated for the collection of all possible facts and phenomena and the processing of these through a sort of automatic logical mill.
23
Q
Enlightenment
A
Moving “out of the darkness of religion (perceived as mystery or superstition) and into the ‘enlightened’ world of reason.
- Religion to SCIENCE
24
Q
Deism
A
- Religious philosophy of the Enlightenment
- Asks what the relationship is between the creator God and the natural world.
- Tried to combine Enlightenment insights with religious impulses.
- Abandons core beliefs of Christianity
- Blind watch maker. God wound it up and just let it go. Take out mystified stuff in Christianity.
- Opposite of Contemplative Christianity.
25
Pietism
Reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment and Deism and to a growing sense of moral laxity, formalism, secularism, and religious indifference.
- Bible centered faith, concern for others, practical Holiness, sense of guilt and forgiveness felt in the heart, etc.
- Living a Christian life.
26
John Wesley
- Influenced by Pietism
- Interested in a more heartfelt religious experience
- Religious awakening
- 1703 to 1791
- Charismatic Leader
- All about getting own personal knowledge through a relationship with Christ.
27
Covenant Theology
Used mainly by Puritans to explain the election and perseverance of the saints. It was an important part of the religious, political, and social understanding of both Presbyterian and Congregational Puritans.
- Pilgrim Colony at Plymouth in 1620. Example.
28
Council of Trent
Roman Catholic council (1545-1563) that responded to Protestantism.
- Replaced by Second Vatican Council
- Most comprehensive statement of Catholic belief and practice
- Affirmed that original sin created a weakness in human nature coining it concupiscence.
- Concupiscence: weakens the will of man and influences it toward evil.
29
Transubstantiation
The teaching that during communion, the elements of the Eucharist, bread and wine, are literally transformed into the actual body and blood of Jesus.
30
The First Great Awakening
Began in the 1730s
- Key role in the development of democratic thought, belief of the free press, and information should be shared, unbiased, and uncontrolled.
- Ushered in the period of the American Revolution
- Demand for religious freedom.
- Focusing on people in the Church and not an outward thing.
31
Jonathan Edwards
1703 - 1758
- Christian Preacher and theologian.
- Preached and strongly affirmed the need to be emotionally vulnerable to God's grace rather than intellectually rigorous.
- Involved in the First Great Awakening.
32
Thomas Paine
English American writer. Wrote during the American Revolution. Advocated Deism, promoted reason, and free thinking. Argued against the Christian doctrine.
33
City Upon a Hill
Puritans viewed themselves as a chosen people with a special bond with God.
34
Covenant Community
Two signs of living in this community:
1) Personal conversion experience
2) Work/calling (Public commitment to a useful vocation) an opportunity to demonstrate ascetic self-denial and spiritual discipline.
- Based on principles of inclusion (conversion and calling) and exclusion (public humiliation, confinement, banishment) to maintain spiritual purity.
- Vigilance was necessary to maintain purity.
35
Theocracy
Puritan form of government as the hierarchical model of social harmony government governed by spiritual aristocracy who were endowed with divine gifts and experience.
36
John Winthrop
First Governor for Puritans during the time of the covenant community.
- 1588 to 1649
- "We shall find that God of Israel is among us"
37
Roger Williams
English Protestant theologian
- 1603 to 1683
- Began the colony of Providence Plantation, which provided a refuge for religious minorities.
- Started the First Baptist Church in America.
- Considered the first abolitionist in NA.
38
Half-way Covenant
A form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662.
- Promoted by Reverend Solomon Stoddard
- People were drifting away from their original religious purpose for material wealth.
39
The Second Great Awakening
- Late 18th to mid-19th century.
- Holiness was thought to be voluntary and conversion a matter of personal choice vs. First Great Awakening (people were sinners and needed redemption)
- More open to people. Voluntary.
40
Evangelicalism
Evangelical would describe a Christian whose choice or Jesus as a personal savior was more important than a denominational location.
41
Liberal Protestantism
Inspired by the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment and Deism, and often in reaction to the emotionalism of revivalism.
42
Book of Mormon
Another "testament" of Jesus Christ
- Christ came to visit the American Continent after he was resurrected.
- Translated from Gold Plates written in Reformed Egyptian
43
Theodicy
Defense of God's goodness and omnipotence in view of the existence of evil.
44
The Lady Guadalupe: Good and Bad
Good
- Used for union/love
Bad
- Tool for conquest/oppression
- Clash between Spanish and indigenous people during the Spanish conquest.
Mother (Mestizaje)
- A type of cultural hegemony(leadership) used to convert millions of the native people to Catholicism.
45
Chicana Feminism and Our Lady
Some chicana feminist artists grapple with the tension between oppression and liberation with the Our Lady figure/image. They make attempts to re-claim her as their own.
46
Delilah Montaya, La Guadalupana
Photo Mural:
- Intention was to bring back an image of colonialism's dark side to Europe, but ultimately the piece engulfed the sacred and profane.
47
Dead Man Walking - Helen Prejean
- Prejean identifies herself as a woman of faith, a Christian.
- She provides a Christian approach to capital punishment, stressing forgiveness rather than more violence.
- She provides the "face of love" for the most criminal human beings in our society.
- Work compares with Imacullee Ilibagiza
- Mother stood in killing chamber = a reference to the virgin Mary at the crucifixion of Christ.
48
Christianity and Conquest: 3 Categories of Religion
- Status Quo (majority, set the norm, enforce the laws)
- Resistance (minority traditions)
- Revolution (a result of resistance becoming big)
Christianity has all three.
49
What was the divine conquest?
Colonization considered divine mandate
- Just war/Holy war (Spanish came into the Americas and enforced the Status Quo).
- Requerimiento
- Enslavement and Tribute
50
What was the pueblo of revolt of 1680?
- Fought on Religious grounds with economic motives.
| - 12 years of success before the Reconquista
51
The Chicano movement and the catholic church.
- The majority of South and Central Americans are now Catholic through conquest.
- Sense of dual identity
- In the US, the Chicano movement has pushed the Church to support liberation movements and social welfare programs.
52
Simone Weil
1909 - 1993
- French Christian philosopher and social activist.
- Not either conservative or liberal
- Concerned with Kingdom of Heaven over the Kingdom of Truth
- More concerned with feeding the hungry then pursuing her intellectual endeavors.
- Fearful of the social nature of the church, a sort of group think that all too often substitutes for genuine focus on God.
- Always recited the Lord's prayer every morning in Greek.
- Did not participate in the Eucharist(last supper).
- Finds deeper meaning the words to the prayer in "Our Father"
53
What does Simone Weil mean by Affliction?
Affliction has the literal ability to kill the soul and everything that makes us human, even though the body continued on.
- Extreme Affliction means physical pain, distress of soul, and social degradation.
- Affliction is essentially a destruction of personality, a lapse into anonymity.
54
What is a Christian?
Those whom Christ is recognized as his benefactors are those whose compassion rested upon the knowledge of affliction.
- What we are commanded to love first of all is affliction: the affliction of man, the affliction of God.
