Final Exam Study - Terms Flashcards
To master the FINAL! :)
“The Papal Claim”
The assertion by the Bishop of Rome of his authority over the entire universal church.
- Claim rejected by Orthodox Christianity and Protestants.
- Friction between East and West today still involves the papal claim.
Pachomius
290-346 C.E.
- Leader of Desert Fathers
- First to organize a religious community that shared and prayed togehter in Kiononia.
- Communion, Fellowship, Sharing ~ 320 C.E.
- Wrote in the Paralipomena:
1) Problem = Pride
2) Cause = Satan/evil
3) Antidote = Humility - Tells his story through the weeping man.
St. Basil (Basil the Great)
330 - 379 CE
- Greek theologian who wrote a monastic rule still used in Orthodox monasticism.
- Repent of sins: “Now is the day of salvation”
- Also emphasized labor. (Rewards and crowns come to they who labor)
- Live commandments wholly and totally
- 3 levels of obedience:
1) Out of fear
2) For reward
3) Out of love - Those who have knowledge are judge more harshly.
- Eastern Monasticism
St. Benedict (Rule of St. Benedict)
480 - 543 CE Prologue to "The Rule of St. Benedict" - Emphasizes humility - Urgency to do work in this life, now. - Give everything to God Western Monasticism
Acheiropoieta
Icons or images believed to be not made by human hands.
Centering Prayer
Popular method of contemplative prayer/meditation.
- Roots back to Desert Fathers
1) Sit comfortably with eyes closed.
2) Choose sacred word
3) Let word present as your symbol of sincere intention
4) Return to your sacred word, your anchor.
Bernard of Clairvaux
- 1090 to 1153
- Focused on the “Song of Songs (Songs of Solomon)” representing stages of ascent to God.
- Physical, sensual imagery: “Kiss me with the kisses of her mouth!”
Sermons: - Emphasized stages in spiritual path and with love.
- Captured violence and non-violence of love, focusing on passionate embrace, a oneness with God called “contemplation.”
Hesychasm
- Spiritual technique of sitting and inwardly repeating a (silent) prayer.
- Inversion of typical approach to prayer (standing, outward speech to God)
1) assuming a specific posture
2) control over breathing, inhale with “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God,” exhale with “Have mercy on me”
3) Directed to enter the heart. - Came first, then centering praying came after it. Eastern Orthodox.
Hildegard of Bingen
- 1098 to 1179
- First female theologian recognized by the Catholic church.
- Was sent to preach to clerics, usually a practice only for men.
- Received papal recognition through help of Bernard of Clairvaux.
- Wrote in defense of the church, but challenged her readers spiritual imagination.
- Contemplative nun and politically active woman
- Not confined to the cloistered world of women.
Letter 23: - Hildegard speaks by God’s authority
- Emphasizes music, angels sing in harmony, fallen Adam = lost his angelic voice.
- Through instruments and words, one learns about “inward things”
- Wrote 63 hymns, a miracle play, and 9 books on nature.
- Scivias (Know the ways of the Lord) was a book.
- Feminist: personify love as a beautiful woman
- At the heart of her spiritual world are images of the female forms of Holy Wisdom and Love Divine.
Beguines
A movement of religious women developed outside of male authority/control and the covenant.
- Focused on passionate and intimate connection with Jesus Christ
- Focused on ascent of the soul to God through mystical logic of contradiction.
Cynthia Bourgeault
Modern day mystic, episcopal priest, writer, and retreat leader.
- Worked with Thomas Keating on the Awakening to the Present
- Influenced by Thomas Merton
- Reads Cloud of Unknowing for contemporary times.
- Uses it to develop “New Operating System” [Love] not based on ego
- Subject/Object perception vs. non-dual awareness
- Keep attention whole (like quivering bead of mercury)
- Not so much head/heart dichotomy (use reason or heart); again, you cannot know God in subject/object awareness.
John Wycliffe
- English scholastic philosopher, theologian
- Preached anticlerical and biblically-centered reforms.
- Opponent of papal authority influencing secular power.
Sola Scriptura
Doctrine that bible contains all knowledge necessary for salvation and holiness.
Indulgences
Buying a piece of paper that says one is forgiven of their sins.
Purgatory
State or place of purification or temporary punishment.
John Calvin
French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation
- Creates Calvinism
Johann Tetzel
Catholic german Dominican preacher known for selling indulgences.
Justification
Work of grace by the Holy Spirit. Transformation of the soul from the state of original sin to that of grace through Jesus Christ.
- Formal cause is sanctifying grace
- Efficient cause is God
- Final cause is glory of God
- Meritorious cause is Christ
- Instrumental cause is baptism
Four main channels of the Reformation
1) Lutheran
2) Reformed
3) Tudor (Anglican)
4) Radical (Anabaptist)
Scientific Revolution
Emergence of modern science during the early modern period when math, physics, astronomy, etc, transformed the views of society and nature.
- 1550 to 1700
Rene Descartes
- French
- Key figure in the Scientific Revolution
- Skepticism: Questioned everything, “We may think world is real, but it could be that an evil genius or demon created the world for us… or we could be dreaming.”
- The Matrix, Truman Show
- The only thing we can know is that we are thinking beings.
- I think, therefore I am (cogito ergo sum)
