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final exam terms Flashcards

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1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic, somatic

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3
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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4
Q

multipolar neuron

A

most common, one axon with multiple dendrites

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5
Q

bipolar neurons

A

has both an axon and dendrite extending from soma in opposite directions

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6
Q

unipolar

A

one nerve process extending from cell body, axon that extends into dendrites

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7
Q

4 major regions of CNS

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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8
Q

cerebrum

A

largest, anterior portion of brain

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9
Q

diencephalon

A

central part of forebrain. thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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10
Q

brain stem

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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11
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and motor functions, located in the back

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12
Q

what type of pathways does ANS have

A

involuntary efferent pathways

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13
Q

characteristics of neurons

A

dendrites, cell body, and axon

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14
Q

how does the axon’s structure reflect its function?

A

its long length can help it carry electrical signals long distances

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15
Q

functions of nervous system

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

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16
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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17
Q

schwann cells

A

forms myelin sheaths around PNS neurons

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18
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line cerebrospinal fluid- filled CNS cavities

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20
Q

Anterograde movement

A

movement away from cell body

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21
Q

Retrograde movement

A

movement toward cell body for degradation or recycling

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22
Q

axon hillock

A

origin of where axon extends, within cell body

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23
Q

Ach

A

neurotransmitters that helps in brain and body functions

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24
Q

what is the integration center of the reflex arc

A

halfway point of reflex loop. sensory neurons transmit info to motor neurons.

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25
reflex arc
26
frontal lobe
largest, voluntary movement, higher level executive functions
27
parietal lobe
receive and process SENSORY input
28
occipital lobe
sight, back of the head
29
temporal lobe
one on each side of brain, manages emotions, processing info, memories, understanding language.
30
insula
small region of cerebral cortex deep on lateral sulcus. Risk- reward behavior
31
commissure that connects right and left side of brain
corpus collosum
32
ridges of tissues on surface of the brain
gyri
33
loss of ability to perform motor activities is probably due to damage to the _____
primary motor cortex
34
area of cortex for sensing a full bladder
hypothalamus
35
part of cerebral cortex responsible for intellect, cognition recall, and personality:
prefrontal cortex
36
Broca's area
production of speech
37
Wernicke's area
ability to understand words
38
what does cerebral dominance mean?
being more left or right dominant
39
"executive suite"
cerebrum
40
region including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
diencephalon
41
regulates body temp
hypothalamus
42
parts of brain stem top to bottom
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
43
hours of sleep
9-10 (depends on the person)
44
pacinian corpuscles
sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure
45
ruffini corpuscles
sense skin stretching, movement, and finger position
46
meissner corpuscles
cutaneous nerve ending that transmits sensation of fine and discriminative touch and vibration
47
meaning of plexus
collection of nerves
48
cervical plexus
nerves in neck, very complex, sensory and motor nerve supply to neck
49
lumbar plexus
nerves that come from lumbar spinal cord, exit through intervertebral foramina
50
brachial plexus
shoulder nerves that carry movement and sensory signals from spinal cord to arms and hands
51
sacral plexus
supplies skin and muscles of pelvis/ lower limb
52
segmental level
spinal roots that enter and exit column between each of the vertebral segments
53
precommand level
highest level of motor control involved in planning and initiation of complex movements
54
crossed extensor
contralateral reflex that allows the body to compensate
55
flexor
muscles whose contractions bends limb or other body part
56
tendon
soft fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
57
plantar
bottom of foot
58
nerves that carry impulses toward CNS are
afferent nerves
59
deep- tissue massage involve with
pacinian corpuscles
60
levels of neural integration
receptor, circuit level, perceptual level
61
epineurium
outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the peripheral nerve
62
endoneurium
layer of connective tissue that surrounds axons
63
perineurium
protective sheath surrounding nerve fascicle
64
nerve responsible for balance
vestibulochochlear nerves AKA cranial
65
vagus nerve
carries signals between brain, heart, and digestive system
66
sciatic nerve
provides innervation to posterior portion of thigh
67
reflex arc
receptor--> sensory neuron--> spinal cord,
68
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter secreted during sympathetic movement
69
sympathetic
rest and digest
70
parasympathetic
fight or flight
71
responsible for overall integration of ANS
hypothalamus
72
lens
transmits light that focuses on retina
73
fovea centralis
pit inside the macula
74
aqueous humor
transmits light supporting posterior surface of lens and holds neural layer of retina firmly against the pigmented layer
75
retina
bridge between external light and visible images. Optic nerve receives electrical signals creating images in brain
76
pharyngotympanic tube
runs obliquely connecting middle ear cavity with nasopharynx. normally closed
77
vestibule
Within the bony labyrinth. Central egg- shaped cavity of labyrinth
78
otoliths
two membranous sacs of vestibule. GRAVITY RECEPTORS
79
tympanic membrane
the eardrum
80
cochlear duct
Transforms cochlear liquid vibrations into neural signals
81
otis media
an infection within the middle ear
82
conduction deafness
sounds cannot get through to outer and middle ear
83
glaucoma
Group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve.
84
crista ampullaris
senses angular acceleration and deceleration
85
olfactory epithelium
thin cellular tissue running along root of nasal cavity
86
macula
lateral to blind spot of each eye. allows sight of small details and specific aspects of object
87
maculae
receptor regions that respond to pull of gravity/ changes in head position. controls posture. help control posture
88
why is the myelin sheath important?
faster conduction, provides insulation, conserves signal energy.
89
sensorineural deafness
type of hearing loss caused by damage to neural structures. prolonged exposure to loud sounds.
90
tinnitus
perception of noise that doesn't externally exist. IE: buzzing or ringing in the ear.
91
sympathetic
fight or flight
92
parasympathetic
rest and digest
93
alzheimers disease
progressive degenerative disease leading to dementia. Memory loss, Shortened attention span, Disorientation, Language loss
94
Parkinson's disease
degenerative disease of dopamine- releasing neurons. Persistent tremor at rest, Poor posture, Slow walkers, Stiff facial expression
95
Huntington's disease
fatal hereditary disease killing brain cells and tissue. Progressive and fatal within 15 years
96
CNI and function
Olfactory- sense of smell
97
CNII and function
Optic- vision
98
CNIII and function
Oculomotor- eye movement
99
CNIV and function
Trochlear- eye movement
100
CNVI and function
Abducens- motor
101
CNV and function
Trigeminal- sensory and motor
102
CNVII and function
Facial- sensory and motor
103
CNIX and function
Glossopharyngeal- mixed
104
CNX and function
Vagus- mixed
105
CNXI and function
Accessory- motor
106
CNXII and function
Hypoglossal- motor

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