Final Exam Terms

Question 1

Ad Hominem (Argument to the person)

Answer 1

Distracting its audience from the evidence that has been presented by focusing instead on the individual presenting the argument

Question 2

Appeal to Questionable Authority

Answer 2

One accepts a proposition because it has been endorsed by an agency (even if that agency lacks authority)

Question 3

Glittering Generalities

Answer 3

Vague references to commonly held values, usually appeal to the reader emotionally

Question 4

Appeal to Pity

Answer 4

Asks the audience accept a particular conclusion because he/she has suffered hardship

Question 5

Appeal to People

Answer 5

Citing the authority of the majority, an appeal to false authority

Question 6

Appeal to Force

Answer 6

Asks that one accept a proposition because because the failure to do so may result in consequence

Question 7

Begging the question

Answer 7

Circular reasoning, conclusion is used to prove the premise and them the premise is used to prove the conclusion

Question 8

Explaining by Naming

Answer 8

One has provided the reasons for the phenomenon because one has identified it

Question 9

False Dilemma

Answer 9

Suggests one must choose between two propositions

Question 10

Searching for the Perfect Solution

Answer 10

Unless a proposed course of action will lead to a complete resolution of a problem,, one shouldn’t do anything

Question 11

Slippery Slope

Answer 11

Suggests that the acceptance of one propositions will lead inevitably. The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction

Question 12

Red Herring

Answer 12

A statement that distracts one from the real argument. Irrelevant material gets introduced to distract

Question 13

Straw Person Argument

Answer 13

Arguer attempts to diminish the authority of opposing viewpoints by attacking exaggerated or caricatured versions of an opponent’s position

Question 14

Hasty Generalization

Answer 14

Moves from a non-representative example to a conclusion

Question 15

Novice Writers

Answer 15

Gathers information that is only somewhat connected to the general topic

Question 16

Novice vs. Experienced Writers

Answer 16

Main difference is in the supporting evidence

Question 17

Experienced Writers

Answer 17

Work purposefully, using arguable proposition to identify the specific information they need, uses useful sources

Question 18

4 things to know about your Audience

Answer 18

1- Understanding of the target
2- Identify your audience
3- Language use (avoid slang)
4- Background information

Question 19

2 Purposes of writing

Answer 19

1- Tone (argumentative essay or are you writing for your own enjoyment)
2- Why are you writing it

Question 20

4 facts about a thesis

Answer 20

1- Usually identifies the position you will take in an essay
2- Provides the significance of the argument (why the reader should care)
3- Expresses the principle theme
4- Specific and clear

Question 21

2 reasons for a Topic Sentence

Answer 21

1- The topic sentence clearly articulates the controlling idea and explains the way in which the supporting ides and related to it
2- Provides a “road map” for the writer to follow

Question 22

The 3 Subjective sources of Evidence for writing

Answer 22

1- Intuition
2- Personal experience
3- Testimonials

Question 23

The 3 Systematic Forms of Evidence for writing

Answer 23

1- Appeal to authority
2- Observational studies
3- Case studies

Question 24

2 ways Statistics proves information

Answer 24

1- Averages

2- Surveys

Question 25

Metacognition

Answer 25

Thinking about thinking. Used to assess how well one is learning and how they're strategies are working

Question 26

Short Term Memory

Answer 26

Stores information from sensory memory. Can be lost in short periods of time

Question 27

3 Stages of Memory

Answer 27

1- Encoding 2- Storage 3- Retrieval

Question 28

Encoding

Answer 28

Sensory info --> Short term memory --> long term memory

Question 29

Retrieval

Answer 29

Recovering stored information from memory. Retrieval cues

Question 30

3 ways to input information into long term

Answer 30

1- Rote learning -> the repetition of information 2- Elaborate rehearsal -> the connection of new material with old knowledge 3- Recoding -> the rearranging, changing, grouping of information

Question 31

4 Learning Strategies

Answer 31

1- Cornell Note taking 2- Parallel Note taking 3- SQ3R 4- Colour coding

Question 32

The 3 Sections of Cornell Notes

Answer 32

1st- Note taking column 2nd- Cue column 3rd- Summary space

Question 33

3 steps to Parallel Notes

Answer 33

1- To print off slides or lecture notes before hand 2- Add in meaningful and additional information 3 -Summarize and review

Question 34

Colour Coding- 2 colour methods

Answer 34

1st colour- Identifies important themes | 2nd colour- Identifies important sup themes

Question 35

SQ3R

Answer 35

``` S- Survey Q- Question R- Read R- Recite R- Review ```

Question 36

The 6 stages of Blooms Taxonomy

Answer 36

1- Remember - Recall facts and basic concepts 2- Understand - Explain ideas and concepts 3- Apply - Use info in new situations 4- Analyze - Draw connections among ideas 5- Evaluate - Justify a decision 6- Create - Produce new or original work

Question 37

2 common flaws in Fallacious Arguments

Answer 37

1- Premises or reasons are irrelevant to the conclusion | 2- The structure of the arguments do not provide for a logical relationship between premises and conclusion

Question 38

Annotated Bibliography

Answer 38

Citations with a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph that will provide the reader with the relevancy, accuracy, and quality of the cited source

Question 39

3 Types of Evidence

Answer 39

1- Anecdotal 2- Sweeping generalizations 3- Overstating the conclusion

Question 40

Anecdotal Evidence

Answer 40

Informal or casual evidence that is collected through personal testimony

Question 41

Sweeping Generalizations

Answer 41

General rule applied to a specific instance

Question 42

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 42

One argues from a standpoint that a categorical statement (statement that applies to all members in a category Ex. Students find math hard) through the assignment of an individual or thing to the category (You are a student), to the conclusion (You find math hard)

Question 43

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 43

Is a mode of argument in which the likelihood of a correct conclusion increases with the amount and kind of relevant evidence Ex. your cousin, sister, and friend find math confusing. You may find math confusing

Question 44

Authoritative Sources

Answer 44

Reliable source because of its authority or authenticity is widely recognized

Question 45

Counter Argument

Answer 45

A possible argument against a thesis or a point being made

Question 46

Argument from a belief

Answer 46

The arguer may offer evidence but that evidence is usually based upon beliefs that the audience may not share

Question 47

Rival Causes

Answer 47

A plausible alternative explanation that can explain why a certain outcome occurred

Question 48

Ambgiuity

Answer 48

An unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument; therefore, does not support the conclusion

Question 49

Cultural Assumptions

Answer 49

Unassessed beliefs adopted by virtue of upbringing in a society. Raised in a society, we unconsciously take on its point of view, values, beliefs, and practices

Question 50

Fallacies

Answer 50

An error in reasoning. An argument that doesn't conform to rules of good reasoning

Question 51

Scientific Studies

Answer 51

Studies undertaken systematically to employ scientific methods. Rely on publicly verifiable data and cannot be accepted without questioning