Final Exam (test 3 material)

Question 1

Brain structure that has been shown to be specialized for processing emotional stimuli

Answer 1

the amygdala

Question 2

short duration, synchronized response indicating the evaluation of an internal or external stimuli

Answer 2

emotion

Question 3

diffuse active state; low intensity and long in duration

Answer 3

mood

Question 4

relatively lasting state that affects beliefs, preferences, and predispositions

Answer 4

attitude

Question 5

propensity to action that is the result of an affective response

Answer 5

motivation

Question 6

2 dimensions for measuring emotion

Answer 6

facial expression
dimensional approaches (arousal, valence)

Question 7

two ways to manipulate emotion

Answer 7

mood induction
evocative stimuli

Question 8

Method of measuring emotion by direct questions, introspection (relies on hippocampus/ declarative memory)

Answer 8

Direct Assessment

Question 9

Method of measuring emotion by measuring autonomic nervous system activity (relies on amygdala)

Answer 9

Indirect Assessment

Question 10

People, places, and things are not neutral but acquire some kind of value

Answer 10

emotional learning

Question 11

What are some elements of classical conditioning (Pavlov)?

Answer 11

fear conditioning- neutral stimulus pair with fearful event
autonomic conditioning- bodily responses (arousal
evaluative conditioning- expressed through a preference or attitude

Question 12

What are some elements of Operant conditioning?

Answer 12

learning by reward or punishment
behavior/response increases or decreases depending on the outcome of that behavior
Mesolyombic dopamine pathway reward circuit

Question 13

Neuron that is critical in the process of instructional and observational learning

Answer 13

Mirror Neuron

Question 14

States that learning is based on familiarity so only the repeated presentation of the stimulus is necessary

Answer 14

Mere Exposure Effect

Question 15

If aroused via the _____ the storage of declarative memories activates

Answer 15

amygdala

Question 16

How does stress affect memory?

Answer 16

Prolonged stress and extreme arousal can impair memory

Question 17

How does mild to moderate arousal affect memory?

Answer 17

enhances it

Question 18

States that memories related to the mood a person is in are more easily accessible (depression- only thinking about bad memories)

Answer 18

Mood-Congruent Memory Effect

Question 19

Vivid and detailed memories that seem clear but may not be very accurate

Answer 19

Flashbulb Memory

Question 20

Results of the emotional stroop task:

Answer 20

participants find it more difficult to ignore the words and name the color when the words are emotional (results exaggerated for stimuli specific to the person)

Question 21

Hypothesis that say emotional stimuli are processed automatically, making fewer demands on limited cognitive resources that other types if stimuli

Answer 21

Affective Primacy Hypothesis

Question 22

The amygdala has connections to a from this region

Answer 22

The sensory cortical region

Question 23

An organized means of combining words in order to communicate; allows thoughts about processes we can’t perceive

Answer 23

Language

Question 24

What are the 6 properties of language?

Answer 24

1) Communicative
2) Arbitrarily symbolic
3) regularly structured
4) structured at multiple levels
5) generative and productive
6) dynamic

Question 25

Attempt to categorize the nature of language

Answer 25

linguistics

Question 26

Relationship between language and thought

Answer 26

psycholinguistics

Question 27

basics units of spoken languages (letters)

Answer 27

phonemes

Question 28

smallest unit of meaning

Answer 28

morphemes

Question 29

rules that govern the combos of phrases and sentences

Answer 29

syntax

Question 30

errors of meaning in language

Answer 30

semantic violations

Question 31

error of grammar and structure in language

Answer 31

syntactic violations

Question 32

3 major points of Chomsky in language:

Answer 32

1) language has underlying uniformity 2) language is a generative system (not closed) 3) underlying structures have common elements in all languages (structure is innate)

Question 33

Approach that emphasis that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate

Answer 33

Cognitive-Functional Approach

Question 34

factors that make language comprehension more difficult:

Answer 34

negatives passive voice nested structures ambiguity

Question 35

What are the 5 stages of postnatal language development?

Answer 35

1) cooing (2-4 months) 2) babbling (6 months) 3) one-word stage (starts at 5 months) 4) two word stage (18-24 months) 5) basic adult structure

Question 36

2 environmental influences on child speech development

Answer 36

child-directed speech mean utterances to child

Question 37

8 differences between spoken and written languages:

Answer 37

1) visual vs. auditory 2) readers can control rate on input 3) readers can rescan writing 4) writing is more standardized 5) writing shows clear boundaries between words 6) speech includes nonverbal communication 7) writing is formally learned; spoken language is more easy to pick up 8) adults learn new words more quickly through reading

Question 38

Says reading happens when we recognize words on sight without sounding anything out

Answer 38

Direct-Access Route

Question 39

Reading happens by sounding out words; works well for regular spelling

Answer 39

Indirect-Access Route

Question 40

Reading learned by memorizing whole words

Answer 40

Whole-word approach

Question 41

Reading learned by sounding out letters

Answer 41

Phonetics approach

Question 42

Hypothesis that says language determines or influences ones thoughts- linguistics relativity

Answer 42

Whorf hypothesis

Question 43

Language color vocabulary and categorization may affect of its speakers perceive and remember color

Answer 43

linguistic relativity

Question 44

Stages of speech production

Answer 44

1) plan the gist 2) generate sentences 3) select specific words 4) articulate the sentences

Question 45

Stages of writing production

Answer 45

1) plan gist 2) generate sentences 3) revise

Question 46

Benefits of second language learning

Answer 46

greater experience of inhibition better ability in general attention and cognitive control attitude more than aptitude

Question 47

Area used for early visual processing during active visualization

Answer 47

Occipital areas

Question 48

represents spatial relationships among objects

Answer 48

spatial imagery

Question 49

lacking the capacity for visualization

Answer 49

aphantasia

Question 50

how imagery affects LTM

Answer 50

mental images generally improve memory more imaginable words are easier to remember imagery can help recall of non visual materials

Question 51

Says we use both image-based and verbal codes for representing info

Answer 51

Paivio's Dual-Code Hypothesis

Question 52

Process of assessing info and choosing among two or more alternatives

Answer 52

Decision making

Question 53

Theory that says we uses system 1 or 2 for making decisions

Answer 53

Dual-Process Theory

Question 54

Describe system 1

Answer 54

operates fast and automatically little or no effort non sense of voluntary control impulsive and intuitive

Question 55

Describe system 2

Answer 55

effortful attention complex computations associated with agency, choice, concentration reasoning cautious

Question 56

Kahneman's Key arguments:

Answer 56

1) thinking can be effortful 2) If effort can be avoided, we avoid it 3) system 1 has influence when system 2 is taxed

Question 57

Some tendencies of system 1:

Answer 57

overemphasize info that is irrelevant ignore relevant info fail to combine multiple pieces of info properly

Question 58

Heuristic that happens when we answer an easier question than the one posed

Answer 58

attribute substitution

Question 59

Heuristic where events that come easily to mind are judged as more frequent than they are

Answer 59

Availability heuristic

Question 60

Heuristics that says we judge a same as being from a population if it has similar characteristics to that population

Answer 60

Representative heuristic

Question 61

Thinking a person has more characteristics than they really do

Answer 61

conjugation fallacy

Question 62

What can help overcome system 1 errors?

Answer 62

education stats training

Question 63

When something is good on one dimension, it must be good on all dimensions

Answer 63

Halo effect

Question 64

Process where you forecast about new cases based on observations

Answer 64

Induction

Question 65

Process where you start with premises and ask what follows from them

Answer 65

Deduction

Question 66

Greater sensitivity to confirming bias and tendency to ignore counter evidence

Answer 66

Conformation bias

Question 67

tendency to keep a belief despite disproving evidence

Answer 67

Belief perseverance

Question 68

Key ingredients of a decision

Answer 68

desired outcome more than one course of action toward that outcome uncertainty about likelihood of that outcome if another action is taken

Question 69

chance of choosing a particular outcome weighed by the likelihood if that outcome occurring

Answer 69

expected utility

Question 70

basics of the expected utility model:

Answer 70

1) evaluate each option by multiplying the utility of each of the consequences by the probability of occurrence 2) adding weighted values to create a summery eval of each option 3) choose the best option- with highest utility

Question 71

people who prefer certain gain

Answer 71

risk-averse

Question 72

people who prefer the chance to win more even at the risk of greater loss

Answer 72

risk-seeking

Question 73

avoid all risks/gambles

Answer 73

loss aversion

Question 74

an object acquires more value by simply belonging to us

Answer 74

endowment effect

Question 75

limitations of expected utility

Answer 75

mental accounting behaving irrationally optimism and risk

Question 76

tendencies in decision weights:

Answer 76

over-weight small probabilities insensitive to middle and high probabilities over-weight certain outcomes

Question 77

structure essentiel for evaluating somatic markers in emotional decision making

Answer 77

Orbital cortex

Question 78

predicting future emotions

Answer 78

Affective forecasting

Question 79

A method that may not find the best possible solution, but is good enough to meet desired outcome and efficient

Answer 79

satisficing

Question 80

structure of a problem:

Answer 80

goal state initial (start) state possible actions obstacles

Question 81

problems that have clear initial and goal states and all possible moves are known

Answer 81

well-defined

Question 82

problems where rules, initial states, operations, and goals are unclear/unknown

Answer 82

ill-defined

Question 83

Case where the answer seems to come in a sudden flash of realization

Answer 83

insight problem

Question 84

Theory that says problem solving is a search within the problem space

Answer 84

Problem-space Theory

Question 85

Will always come up with a correct answer to a problem but can be inefficient

Answer 85

algorithm

Question 86

general rule that gives a correct answer most of the time (not not always)

Answer 86

heuristic

Question 87

Method of "trail and error" in problem solving

Answer 87

random search

Question 88

method of looking one more ahead and choosing the move most resembling the goal state

Answer 88

hill climbing

Question 89

method of breaking the problem into subproblems that requires knowledge and greater working memory demands

Answer 89

means-ends analysis

Question 90

Thinking of a problem with similar characteristics that has been solved before and using/adapting the known solution to the current problem

Answer 90

Analogical reasoning

Question 91

Subprocesses of analogical reasoning

Answer 91

1) Retrieval 2) Mapping 3) Evaluation 4) Abstraction 5) Predictions

Question 92

What is analogical reasoning so demanding of attention and memory?

Answer 92

uses superficial and structural similarities must maintain target in working memory must search LTM for appropriate connections/similarities

Question 93

How experts solve problems

Answer 93

use related chunks of knowledge from LTM focus on deep structure empty forwards search (symptoms to diagnosis)

Question 94

System 1 consciousness

Answer 94

automatic processing not easily turned off; intuitive

Question 95

System 2 consciousness

Answer 95

controlled processing that requires attention; slow and inefficient, taxing

Question 96

seeing is not the same as ___________

Answer 96

visual awareness

Question 97

State of awareness of sensations/ideas so one can reflect, know what sensations feel like, report awareness to others

Answer 97

consciousness

Question 98

broad set of mental activities we perform without being aware

Answer 98

cognitive unconscious

Question 99

After that fact reconstructions of an event (adding motivations to your past actions)

Answer 99

Mistaken introspection

Question 100

cause you to do something different than what you intended to do (driving home instead of to the store after work)

Answer 100

Action slips

Question 101

guided by circumstance; inflexible; can operate without supervision (many at the same time)

Answer 101

Mental reflexes

Question 102

Executive control requires:

Answer 102

a way to initiate or override actions a way to represent its goals and subgoals info about inputs info about the state of mental processes (System 2!)