Final Exam (Test June 16) Flashcards

Question

Battle of Bull Run

Answer 1

Irvin McDowell (Union commander) marches troops into VA, aiming to take Manassas (major railroad junction between Southwest and Washington DC), expecting easy victory. Confederates led by PGT Beauregard camp along Bull Run (stream 4 mi north of Manassas) as Union Army takes 4 days to reach Manassas, giving Conf. Army time to take in 11,000 more people. Union won at first, but General Thomas Jackson ("Stonewall Jackson") followed by Virginians arrived by train; Union retreated North to DC. 35,000 soldiers per side, w/ 2900 Union casualties and less than 2000 Confederate casualties

Answer 2

Naval blockade to cut off trade; cut South in 2 by Mississippi & take Richmond

Answer 3

Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee: Albert Sidney Johnston (Confederate) vs. Ulysses S. Grant (Union); attacked to prevent Union force from growing larger. Union forces were driven back to the Tennessee River, but reinforcements, leading to the bloodiest battle on the North American continent. It stripped glory from war, with 13,000 Union casualties and 11,000 Confederate casualties

Answer 4

Naval blockade preventing South from exporting cotton/importing necessary goods, led by Winfield Scot (Commander of all Union troops) Anaconda Plan: Cut Confederacy in two along Mississippi w/ gunboats, and seize Richmond (Confederate capitol). McClellan takes East, Grant takes West.

Answer 5

Hope that North will eventually lose the will to fight; Davis aims for war of attrition (defensive war), inflicting continual losses on Union to wear down strength. Confederate leaders stop exporting cotton to France and Britain in hopes of gaining their aid, but European nations just turn to India and Egypt for cotton and South loses money

Answer 6

ordered by Lincoln to build + command new army and go on Peninsular Campaign; came up with great plans but never really followed through– kept asking Lincoln to send more reinforcements

Answer 7

led successful Union campaign in West; commanded Union forces in Kentucky. Fairly ruthless; held Vicksburg under siege for a solid month

Answer 8

Confederate general who succeeded many times against Union, but failed twice in invading Union territory. Lost the Battle of Gettysburg. Eventually surrendered to Union at Appomattox Courthouse.

Answer 9

Bloodiest day of Civil War; Lee invades North to raise European support for South + to turn Northern public opinion against war. McClellan delays troops for 16 hours before pursuing Lee, which gave him time to prepare; fight at Antietam Creek (Sharpsbury, Maryland). Lee: 40,000 troops, McClellan: 75,000 + 25,000 troops. Union lost 12,000 men within 3 hours; Confederates lost 14,000 by end of battle

Answer 10

Bloodiest day of Civil War; Lee invades North to raise European support for South + to turn Northern public opinion against war. McClellan delays troops for 16 hours before pursuing Lee, which gave him time to prepare; fight at Antietam Creek (Sharpsbury, Maryland). Lee: 40,000 troops, McClellan: 75,000 + 25,000 troops. Union lost 12,000 men within 3 hours; Confederates lost 14,000 by end of battle

Answer 11

4-day battle ending in Union victory. July 1: new Union commander General George Meade vs. Robert E. Lee & James Longstreet; Confederates overwhelm Union and push them back onto hills south of town. 4-mile lines of each army on the hills. Union = Cemetery Ridge, Confederate = Seminary Ridge. July 2: Longstreet not ready to attack Southern end of Union troops until 4pm; Meade reinforces Union army. Heavy fighting in Devil's Den area (peach orchard, wheat field, borders); 350 Maine soldiers led by Colonel Joshua Chamberlain protect Little Round Top (Union position) from Alabama soldiers' assault by charging Confederates w/ bayonets (ran out of ammo); successfully drove off Confederates. July 3: Confederates open w/ cannon fire on N. end of Union line; Union stops firing after 2 hours, which tricks Confederates into thinking they destroyed Union's guns. Longstreet orders direct attack on Union lines (Pickett's charge); 15,000 soldiers 1 mile long and 3 rows deep charge Cemetery Hill, but are decimated by Union cannon fire (barely 1/2 of them return) July 4: with 1/3 of his army lost, Lee retreats to VA.

Answer 12

November 19, 1863: 15,000 people gather at Gettysburg to dedicate cemetery to honoring Union soldiers who died there, ft. Edward Everett (famous speaker from MA) who gave a 2 hr speech. Lincoln gave 2-min speech to remind listeners of North's reason for fighting; expressed grief + reasons for renewed efforts to preserve Union

Answer 13

all slaves in rebellious states are freed, though border states allied w/ union are unaffected; weakened South (lack of labor, and freed slaves often joined up w/ Union army)

Answer 14

Lee tries to meet up w/ Johnston and slip around Union army in VA, but is continuously blocked by Grant; arrives at Appomattox Court House (small VA town) and surrenders to Grant; Johnston surrenders to Sherman a few weeks later in NC. Confederate soldiers given generous conditions of surrender: allowed to keep horses and weapons, and allowed to return home.

Answer 15

died after battle of Chancellorsville because one of his own men mistook him for an enemy; shot + died of infection

Answer 16

Successes:

Answer 17

mostly Northern/Republican, since Democrats all went south, allowing Congress to whatever tf they wanted since all their opposition was gone

Answer 18

Lincoln's reconstruction plan, w/ tone of forgiveness; vetoed by radical republicans; 1. Pardon: official forgiveness of crime to any that would take an oath to Union and accept 13th amendment 2. Exceptions: Confederate military generals, Southerners who killed African POWs, etc– depends on level of affiliation w/ Confederates 3. State Conventions: each state creates new Constitution after 10% of the voter population swear allegiance to Union 4. State Elections: states can now hold elections for officials and participate in Union government again does not require voting rights for Africans and does not readmit states to Union, since secession is unconstitutional in the first place

Answer 19

Andrew Johnson's plan (even more generous than Lincoln's) 1. Pardon south if they allegiance to the Union 2. States can hold state conventions 3. States' requirements: void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate Confederate debt 4. States elections: join Union

Answer 20

Johnson tries to fire Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln, which goes against Tenure of Office Act of 1867 (needed Congressional approval before filling/firing offices, but did not); charged w/ wrongdoing in office; tried for "high crimes and misdemeanors." Was the first impeachment in American history; 126 to 47 vote. He went back to being Tennessee Senator as a Democrat afterwards.

Answer 21

"Radical Reconstruction" 1. Military Rule: divide South into 5 districts, each governed by Northern general 2. State Elections: create new Constitutions 3. State Laws: ALL qualified males (including blacks) can vote in elections 4. Confederate supports are banned entirely from voting 5. Equal rights for all citizens 6. States must ratify 14th amendment (equal protections under the law to all citizens) military registers freedmen; 735,000 freedmen join voting rolls. 1/4 of 1000 delegates at 10 state conventions were Africans. Louisiana's and South Carolina's delegates chose African majority of delegate leaders

Answer 22

Southern laws restricting freedmen's rights (Southern society dominated by white people); basically slave codes w/ new name. Curfews: no gathering after sunset Vagrancy Laws: fined, whipped, or sold into indentured servitude for a year's labor if unemployed Labor Contracts: signed agreements each January for a year's work; lost wages if quit before year's end Land Restrictions: could only rent/own land in rural areas; forced to live on plantations

Answer 23

made slavery illegal

Answer 24

Congress was upset at black codes; felt Johnson helped Southern Democrats return to power; passed 14th to guarantee Africans equal protection under the law

Answer 25

Created by congress to help black Southerners adjust to freedom; first major federal relief agency in history; gave out clothing, medical supplies, and meals to poor. 250,000+ Africans received their first formal education in Freedmen's Bureau schools. Was undersupplied + mismanaged, and dismantled in 1869.

Answer 26

white supremacy terrorist organization that began in Tennessee w/ ex-Confederates; threatened/harassed/killed black Americans + minorities to "keep them in their place" (beneath white men); only white goyim men could join

Answer 27

small but influential group; hated Johnson's plan, opposed black codes, wanted to expand Republican party's presence in the South.

Answer 28

events or conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them to do so Push: land, new location for business, ethnic/religious repression, shelter for outlaws Pull: gov't gave away public land/sold cheaply to help encourage migration to West

Answer 29

"Indian Problem"– life-or-death battle for Natives against settlers. Vast grasslands between Mississippi River & Rocky Mountains. Newcomers brought war in west; wanted to own land instead of sharing.

Answer 30

Lived as farmers, hunters, and gatherers (nomadic life); buffalo were essential to survival as food source + hide/materials. Horses changed ways– led to warfare + decline in village life (raided each other)

Answer 31

federal land set aside for Natives (poor conditions); unfair treatment/treaties– bribery, misunderstandings, etc.

Answer 32

Adoption of white ways. In 1887, federal law dismantled Natives' concept of shared land in favor of private property; 2/3 of Native land ended up in white squatters' hands; Congress bought out Native claims to region.

Answer 33

Sioux chief who spoke at Cooper Union about injustices against native people by settlers; led two-year war when US tried to build Bozeman Trail through Sioux hunting grounds in Bighorn Mountains

Answer 34

Occupied North Plains (Dakota, Wyoming, Montana) and resisted Western expansion. Fought agains US when they tried to build Bozeman Trail railroad through Sioux hunting grounds in Bighorn Mountains in 1864, which lasted 2 years and ended with the Fort Laramie treaty. The US abandoned the trail.

Answer 35

Battle of Little Bighorn– US wanted to buy Sioux land in South Dakota reservation (Black Hills) bc of rumors of gold, which angered Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse (Sioux leaders). Against orders, Lt. Colonel George Custer led 200 US against 2000 Sioux in a frontal attack like a dumbass. He was slaughtered. This incited American rage, and newspapers romanticized Custer's actions. There was a public outcry to hunt down and kill/relocate the Sioux. Crazy Horse was killed; Sitting Bull fled to Canada.

Answer 36

Wovoka (prophet) promised return to traditional life if people practiced Ghost Dance (join hands + whirl in a circle). Teton Sioux, encouraged by Sitting Bull, practiced this. The US disliked the Ghost Dance, feeling that it would rile up the natives. They tried to arrest Sitting Bull (who ended up getting shot) and massacred his 200 followers at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890.

Answer 37

divided reservation land into individual plots per family; participants received 160 acres and US citizenship

Answer 38

Mexicans taught Americans how to do this in the early 1800s, as well as how to raise Texas Longhorn cattle. Cattle industry launched by soldiers' cattle roaming after Civil War (ample beef supple), rising price ($3 per head rose to $40 a head), refrigerated railcars making shipping cheaper (cut transport cost in half), and removal of Natives leading to the extinction of buffalo due to buffalo-hunting becoming a huge sport (and a way of forcing Native assimilation w/ loss of a valuable resource)

Answer 39

by historian Frederick Jackson Turner, claiming that the frontier plays a key role in forming American character - frontier life produces Americans who are socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy - theory only applies to white men - emphasis on effects of individual effort

Answer 40

1891; made of farmers ("populist party"/"people's party" Wanted: more circulation of money, unlimited silver coining, progressive income tax, government ownership of communication/transport systems, and an 8-hour workday; faded with the rise of crop prices.

Answer 41

Populist from Nebraska (Democrat) who ran against William McKinley (Republican from Ohio) in the Election of 1896; gave the Cross of Gold speech but lost. Failed to bridge the gap between rural and urban citizens.

Answer 42

post-CW US became industrial powerhouse; technological advancements changed daily life

Answer 43

carried goods & passengers from coast to coast by 1870; were noisy, dirty, and uncomfortable. iron rails were eventually replaced by steel; tracks became standardized. Scheduling was problematic due to time differences, and the nation eventually adopted a national system of time zones by 1883. Railroads also revolutionized business and industry, due to faster transport for goods, lower production costs, creation of national markets, became a model for big business, and stimulated other industries (steel, beef, etc).

Answer 44

Made steelmaking more efficient; owned Carnegie Steel; believed that workers should have rights and fair wages but didn't practice what he preached; made steel more accessible for the public; supported education/learning; donated $125 million to schools.

Answer 45

Formed Standard Oil Company (1870); donated $500 million to establish charities & institutions that would benefit humanity. He helped found the University of Chicago, and created the Rockefeller Foundation, which gave aid to institutions working in public health, arts, and social research. He became rich from a grain/meat partnership during the Civil War. He practiced horizontal consolidation (bought out his competitors), and negotiations with railroads and other companies made his oil the cheapest and therefore the most popular.

Answer 46

name suggests that business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public - drain country of natural resources - persuaded public officials to bend laws their way - drove competitors to ruin

Answer 47

served nation in a positive way - increased supply of goods - expanded markets - raised productivity & standard of living - built museums libraries, and universities

Answer 48

theory of natural selection, but applied to society: society should not interfere with people's pursuit of success. Idea resulted in the government not taxing business profits or interfering with private business. Often used to justify oppression of minorities (esp. during Holocaust)

Answer 49

1890; outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce, but was largely ineffective for 15 years due to pro-business courts that rarely enforced the law

Answer 50

piecework: those who worked fastest & produced the most made the most money; laborers worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, and were paid by production instead of by hour. Sweatshops were shops where employees worked under long hours for low wages in dangerous conditions. Division of labor made work efficient but incredibly repetitive and boring.

Answer 51

fought for workers' rights in a variety of ways; were hated/feared by employers

Answer 52

open to all: skilled/unskilled laborers, women, black Americans. national union established in Philadelphia (1869) that wanted an 8-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and and end to child labor (those under 15). Led by Terence Powderley.

Answer 53

1st union open to workers of all crafts, but only lasted a few years

Answer 54

prioritized skilled workers/trades; led by Samuel Gompers. Excluded black Americans and women; focused on wages, hours, and working conditions. Wanted collective bargaining and a closed-shop workplace.

Answer 55

union of unskilled workers; resented AFL. Was radical and open to socialists and anarchists; held violent strikes.

Answer 56

Knights of Labor union workers of McCormick Reaper Factory demonstrated for 8-hr workday, but police intervention in a fight between scabs and workers on strike caused union members' deaths. Union leaders called for a protest rally in Haymarket Square, Chicago. Anarchists joined. Someone threw a bomb into the police, which killed an officer; gunfire between both parties resulted in casualties for all. 4 anarchists were hanged for conspiring to commit murder.

Answer 57

George Pullman (invented luxury sleeping train cars) cut wages by 25%, but rent and food prices stayed the same, which really pissed off his workers. Pullman's workers sought aid from the American Railway Union (established after Great Railroad Strike of 1877 by Eugene V. Debs), resulting in a 260,000-worker strike. The strikers disrupted mail delivery, and when railroad owners looked to the government for help, the federal government declared that all union activity regarding railway traffic was illegal. This led to factory owners continually looking to the government for court orders against unions.

Answer 58

phrase coined by Mark Twain describing post-Reconstruction era. Gilded = covered in a thin layer of gold.

Answer 59

1880; created Civil Service Commission that classified government jobs & tested applicants' fitness for the role. Federal employees no longer required to contribute to campaign funds, and could not be fired for political reasons.

Answer 60

1887: required rates to be set in proportion to distances traveled and to be made public; outlawed special rates for powerful customers. The federal regulatory board was the Interstate Commerce Commission, which enforced the act by taking railroads to court (although they usually lost)

Answer 61

reception center for steerage passengers, opened in 1892 by the US government in NY harbor near the Statue of Liberty. All new immigrants underwent physical exams here, and were quarantined and/or deported if they had a contagious disease. Those with trachoma (an eye disease) were automatically sent back. Immigrants sought communities established by previous immigrants from their homeland due to the common language and traditions. 2% of immigrants went South due to a lack of jobs in the North; immigrant workers were usually taken advantage of by employers, who got away with paying them less.

Answer 62

1882: prohibited Chinese workers from entering the country (repealed in 1943)

Answer 63

an unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power, headed by a single powerful boss. Worked through exchange of favors, and used an army of war leaders, each in charge of a district, where they contracted residents to do favors for them and in return gained residents' votes on election day. Graft (use of one's job to gain profit) = major source of income for machines. Helped the poor when the gov't did not.

Answer 64

low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as could be packed in., built by speculators Air was dark/foul even in daylight due to soot from steam engines and boilers, and there was always a fire hazard due to so many buildings being packed so tightly together. Diseases like cholera, malaria, diphtheria, and tuberculosis were common in such tight quarters. Eventually there was a movement to change tenement designs for better airflow, and to accommodate windows in rows of buildings (dumbbell tenement).

Answer 65

reporter who wrote book "How The Other Half Lives", which made other Americans aware of the horrors of tenement life. Mastered the new technology of flash photography. This newfound awareness led to NY passing the nation's first truly meaningful laws to improve tenements.

Answer 66

bought run-down Charles Hull Mansion in Chicago, in 1889 to be turned into a settlement house. She repaired it and opened the doors of Hull House to immigrants as a community center. It set up classes, craft fairs, exhibitions, child care, health care, summer camps, etc., and launched investigations of city economic, social, and political conditions. Led the way to over 400 settlement houses supported by donations and volunteers.

Answer 67

abolition, women's rights, temperance (part two), farm movement to compensate for declining importance of rural areas in increasingly urbanized America, rejection of Social Darwinism. Protection of social welfare, economic reform, economic efficiency, and promotion of moral improvement.

Answer 68

Reform-minded reporters of Progressive Era America who attacked established leaders/institutions for corruption. Usually had large audiences in popular magazines.

Answer 69

Exposed horrific practices/conditions in meat-packing via fiction, and supported socialism over capitalism. Led to new federal laws on food safety.

Answer 70

NYC factory fire; deadliest industrial disaster in city's history. 146 deaths, 71 injuries due to locked doors and neglected safety features.

Answer 71

prohibition of alcohol (manufacture, sale, transport, import, export)

Answer 72

women's right to vote (suffrage)