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Y3 T1 Geography 222 > Final Exam Text > Flashcards

Final Exam Text Flashcards

1
Q

remote sensing

A

the process of collecting information related to the electromagnetic energy reflected or emmited by a target on the ground using a device a considerable distance away from the target on board an aircraft of spacecraft

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2
Q

wavelength & frequency

A

the distance between the crests of two waves

  • think of it like the ocean
  • longer wavelength means increased space between crest
  • longer wavelength means less frequency
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3
Q

micrometer

nanometer

A

one-millionth of a meter

one-billionth of a meter

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4
Q

visible light spectrum

A

0.4-0.7

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5
Q

band

A

a narrow range of wavelengths that may be measured by remote sensing

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6
Q

infrared

Near Infrared

shortwave infrared

thermal infrared

A

wavelengths between 0.7 and 100

  1. 7 and 1.3
  2. 3-3.0
  3. 0-14.0
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7
Q

atmospheric windows

A

those wavlengths of electromagnetic energy in which most of the energy passes through earths atmosphere

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8
Q

Why is there no point to have a sensor measuring wavelengths such as untrviolet because…

A

they are completley absorbed by the atmosphere, so no reflectant energy to measure
atmospheric window

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9
Q

Rayleigh scattering

A

scatteering of light caused by atmoshoeric particles smaller than the wavelength being scattered

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10
Q

mie scattering

A

scattering of light caused by atmospheric particles the same size as the wavelength being scattered

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11
Q

non-selective scattering

A

scattering of light caused by atmospheric particles larger than the wavelength being scattered

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12
Q

_____ wavlengths are scattered more then _____ wavelengths

A

shorter, longer

-explains why sky is blue during day, shorter blue wavelengths scattered far more then longer red

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13
Q

transmission

absorption

A

occures when light passes through a target and interacts with something else after

when light is trapped and held by a target

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14
Q

incident energy

spectral reflectance

A

total ammount of energy that strikes a surface
-calculated by adding up the ammounts of energy that were transmitted, absorbed, and reflected by a surface
I=R+A+T
the percentage of the total incident energy that was reflected from that surface
(R/I) x 100

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15
Q

spectral signature

A

a unique identifier for a particular item, generated by charting the percentage of reflected energy per wavelength against a value for that wavelength

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16
Q

NDVI returns a value between __ and __, the ______ the value the healthier he vegetation.

A

-1, +1

higher

.low values mean unhealthy vegetation
. very low means nothing is growing at all
. more red energy reflection and low near infrared means unhealthy

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17
Q

spatial resolution

A

the size of the area on the ground represented by one pixels worth of energy measurment

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18
Q

brightness values

A

the energy measured at a single pixel according to a predetermined scale;also refered to as digital numbers

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19
Q

8 bit imagery is a digital image that carries a range of brightness values from __ to __

A

0(black) to 255(white)

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20
Q

multispectral imagery

A

remotely sensed imagery created from the bands collected by a sensor capable of sensing several bands of energy

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21
Q

hyperspectral imagery

A

remotely sensed imagery created from the bands collected by a sensor capacble of sensing hhundreds of bands at once

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22
Q

color gun

colour composite

A

equipment used to display a color pixel on a screen through the use of the colours red, green, and blue

an image formed by placing a band of imagery into each of the three colour guns to view an image in colour rather than grayscae

23
Q

true colour composite vs. false colour composite

A

aranged normally vs. arranged with different colours

.standard false composite: when infrared is in red gun

24
Q

z value

A

the elevation assigned to an X/Y coordinate

25
Q

vertical datum

A

a baseline used as a starting point in measuring elevation values( which are either abive or below this value)

26
Q

Much geospatial data in N.A utilize the _____ as this origin point for elevations

A

NAVD88(North American Vertical Datum 1988)

27
Q

Digital Raster Graphic

Digital Line Graph

A

a scanned version of a USGS topographic map that has been georeferenced so that they’ll match up with other geospatial data sources when used in GIS.

the features such as roads, rivers, or boundaries digitized
-vector datasets representing transporation features,hydrography features, or boundaries

28
Q

Digital Terrain Model

A

a representation of a terrain surface calculated by measuring elevation vaalues at a series of locations
-used in conjunction with GIS

29
Q

X and Y:

X, Y, and Z:

X, Y, and Zs:

A 
2 dimensional
-no z value
2.5 dimensional
-one z value for each coordinate
3 dimensional
-multiple z values for each coordinate
30
Q

TIN

A

Triangulated Irregular Network

  • a terrain model that allows for non-equally spaced elevation points to be used in the creation of the surface
  • selected elevation points deemed most important are used in constructing the model
  • type of DTM
31
Q

DEM

A

Digital Elevation Model

  • a representation of the terrain surface, created by measuring a set of equally spaced elevation values
  • can be converted to a raster grid representation for use with other geospatial data, such as satellite images or GIS
  • DEM resolution size is equal to raster grid cells size
32
Q

LIDAR

A

a process in which a series of laser beams fired at the ground from an aircraft is used both to create highly accurate elevation models and also to measure the height of objects from the ground

33
Q

point cloud

A

name given to the massive number of elevation data measurements collected by lidar

34
Q

Digital Surface models

A

a measurement of the heights of ground elevations as well as the objects on top of the ground as captured by LIDAR

35
Q

the industry standard data format used for LIDAR data is ___

A

LAS

36
Q

slope aspect

A

the direction that a slope is facing

37
Q

hillshade

A

a shaded relief map of the terrain created by modelling the position of the sun in the sky relativve to the landscape

38
Q

sun altitude

sun azimuth

A

the value between 0 and 90 used in constructing a hillshade to model the suns elevation above the terrain

the value between 0 and 360 used in constructing a hillshade to model the suns position in the sky to show the direction of the suns rays striking the surface

39
Q

draping

base heights

A

a process in which an image is given z values to match the heights in a digital terrain model

the z values of a digital terrain model that can then be applied to an image in the process of draping

40
Q

vertical exageration

A

a process whereby the z-values are artificially enhanced for purposed of terrain visualization

41
Q

____ are working maps

A

charts

42
Q

geographic scale vs. map scale

A

geographic is real-world size

43
Q

large scale map means…

A

smaller area shown
1:1 vs 1:40,000
largest scale is 1:1

44
Q

small scale maps mean…

A

larger area shown
1:1 vs 1:40,000
smallest scale is 1:40,000

45
Q

GPS

A

A technology usinng signals broadcast from satellites for navigation and position determination on earth

46
Q

constellation

A

the full complement of sattelites comprising a GNSS

47
Q

almanac

ephermis

pseudorange

trilateration

multipath

A

data concerning the status of GPS sattelite, which is included in the information being transmitted by the sattelite

data refering to the GPS sattelites position in orbit

the calculated distance between a GPS sattelite and reciever

finding a location in relation to three points of reference

an error caused by delay in the signal due to reflecting from surfaces before reaching the reciever

48
Q

Differential GPS

A

a method of using a ground based correction in addition to the sattelite signals to determine position
-need to have known coordinates

49
Q

Wide area augemented system

A

a sattelite based augmentation system that covers the united states and other portions of N.A
-imporves overall GPS position accuracy

50
Q

swath width

A

the width of the ground area the sattelite is imaging as it passes over earth surface

51
Q

spatial resolution

A

the ground area represented by one pixel of sattelite imagery

52
Q

Pan-sharpening

A

the technique of fusing a higher resolution panchromatic band with lower resolution multispectral bands to improve the clarity and detail seen in the image

53
Q

temporal resolution

spectral resolution

A

length of time a sensor takes to come back and image the same location on the ground
-finer a sensor’s temporal resolution, the fewer days it will take between return times

the bands and wavelengths measured by a sensor

54
Q

Describe how Landsat 1,4,5,7,and 8 are equipped

A

1- MSS(multispectral scanner) which can map 4 bands

4,5- added TM(Thematic Mapper) which can map seven bands

7-had neither MSS or TM but had ETM+(Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus)
-seven bands+ an 8th band which is panchromatic

8-OLI(Operational Land Imager), which has similar capabilities to ETM+

  • TIRS:Thermal infrared sensor, the instrument that aquires thermal imagery
  • 2 new bands aimed at monitoring clouds and coastal zones
  • so 3 new bands making 11

Y3 T1 Geography 222 (6 decks)

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