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BI330 > Final Exam Theory > Flashcards

Final Exam Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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2
Q

What is skeletal muscle

A

composed of large elongated multinucleated fibres that show strong, quick voluntary contractoins

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3
Q

What is cardiac muscle

A

composed of irregular branched cells bound together longitudinally by intercaladed discs shows strong, involuntary contractions

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4
Q

What is smooth muscle

A

composed of grouped, fusiform cells with weak, involuntary contraction

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle beings to differentiate when ______ align and fuse together to make _____

A

myoblasts, myotubes

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6
Q

What do myotubes do

A

synthesize proteins to make up myofilaments

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7
Q

Part of the myoblast population does not fuse and diferentiate but remains as a group of mesenchymal cells called _____ ____

A

satelite cells

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8
Q

What is hte role of satelite cells

A

proliferate and produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury

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9
Q

Dense connective tissue in skeletal muscle is called ______

A

perimysium

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10
Q

individual muscle fibers are surrounded by a delicate connective tissue layer called _______

A

endomysium

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11
Q

thick layer of dense tissue in skeletal muscle is called ________

A

epimysium

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12
Q

tendons develop with skeletal muscles and join muscles to the _______ of bones

A

periosteum

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13
Q

muscle nuclei are found against the _____

A

sacrolemma

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14
Q

what is a microfibril

A

cylindrical bundles of thick and thin myofilaments that fill most of each muscle fiber

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15
Q

each myofibrbril consists of a long series of ______, seaprated by _ discs

A

sacromeres, Z

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16
Q

Thick filaments are bundles of _____ which span the entire A band

A

myosin

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17
Q

what is a transverse tubule

A

invaginations of sacrolemma tha tpenetrate deeply into muscle fiber around all myofirils

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18
Q

Each triad consists of what?

A

a central transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisterns

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19
Q

Components of the triad are responsible for release of ____ from the cisternae during muscle relaxation and contraction

A

ca2+

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20
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

keep cardiac fibers together

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21
Q

T or F: cardiac muscle is less dense more organized than skeletal

A

T

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22
Q

The endocardium consists of what?

A

the endothelium and a layer of variable thickness lacking smooth muscle called subendocardial layer

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23
Q

The subendocardianal layer in the ventricles contain ____ ____ of the hearts impulse network

A

Purknjie fibers

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24
Q

What is the role of atrial granules

A

contain ANF that targets cells of the kidneys to bring about sodium and water loss

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25
Q

What transmits tension between neighbouring cells

A

adherins junctions in sacrolemma

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26
Q

adherins jucntions contain __________ for filament attachment

A

alpha-actinin

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27
Q

what do gap junctions do in contraction

A

electrical coupling of cells form a synctium, allows contractions as a unit

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28
Q

T or F: cardiac muscle contains MEPs

A

F

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29
Q

what does the central nervous system contain

A

brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

what does the periphrial nervous system contain

A

nerves and ganglia

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31
Q

T or F: the cell bodies of neurons have a well developed nucleolous

A

T

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32
Q

What do dendrites do

A

extend from perikaryon, receiving input from other neurons

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33
Q

what does the axon do

A

caries impules form the cell body and is covered by a myelin sheath composed of other cells

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34
Q

What are the four structural classes of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, uni/pseudopolar, anaxonic

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35
Q

waht is a multipolar neuron

A

most neurons including all motor neurons and CNS interneurons

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36
Q

where are bipolar neurons located

A

include sensory neurons of the retina, alfactory mucosa ad inner ear

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37
Q

where are pseudopolar neurons located

A

include all other sensory neurons

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38
Q

what are anaxonic neurons

A

lack true axons and do not produce action potentials, but regulate local electrical changes of adjcaent neurons

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39
Q

what is a dendritic spine

A

small membranous protrusion from neurons dendrite that typically recives input from a single axon at a synapse

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40
Q

presynaptic terminals always contain what?

A

a large number of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, numerous mitochondria and smooth ER as sources of new membrane

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41
Q

upon arrival of a nerve impulse, what happens?

A

voltage gated Ca2+ entry, which triggers neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft

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42
Q

excess membrane accumulating at the presynpatic region as a result of exocytosis is recycled by what

A

clathrin-mediated endocytosis

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43
Q

what are the three types of synapses

A

Axosomatic- axon+cell body
Axodenditric- Axon+dendritic spine
Axoaxonic- axon + axon

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44
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

myleinate parts of several axons in the CNS

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45
Q

what are astrocytes

A

have multiple processes and form perivascular feet taht completely enclose all capillaries

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46
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

epithelial-like cells that line the ventricles and central canal

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47
Q

what are microglial cells

A

have a protective and phagocytic immune-related function. antigen presenting cells of the CNS, used in immune survailance; not interconnected and are motile

48
Q

what are schwann cells

A

form a series of ensheathing cells, make up mylein sheath in PNS

49
Q

what are satelite cells

A

restricted to ganglia where they cover and support the large neruonal cell bodies

50
Q

what are astrocytes

A

most abundant glial cells of CNS and are characterized by numerous cytoplasmic processes radicating rom the glial cell body or soma

51
Q

T or F: astrocytes are easily stained with H+E

A

F, with Gold staining

52
Q

Satelite cells commonly accumulate ____ _____

A

brown lipofuscin

53
Q

Each schwann cell is surrounded by what ?

A

external lamina containing type IV collagen and laminin

54
Q

Axolemma has ___________________ important for impulse conductance in axons

A

voltage gated Ca channels

55
Q

in an injured for cut periphrial nerve, ____ ____ ______ can regenerate from their cut ends after a delay

A

proximal axon segments

56
Q

when the axon is injured, ____ is greatly reduced intitially

A

RER

57
Q

when the axon is injured, debris is phagocytosed by ______

A

macrophages

58
Q

Pulmonary circulation includes what four organs

A

pulmonary veins, arteries, right atrium and right ventricle

59
Q

Pulmonary circulation has __________ blood

A

deoxygenated

60
Q

Systemic circulation includes what four organs

A

left atrium, ventricle, aortasystemic arteries and systemic veins

61
Q

systemic circulation has ________ blood

A

oxygenated

62
Q

the endocardium consists of what?

A

the endothelium and the subendocardial layer

63
Q

what is the endothelium?

A

a thin layer of connective tissue with smooth muscle cells

64
Q

what is the subendocardial layer

A

layer of variable thiccness lacking smooth muscle

65
Q

The external tunic of the heart, the site of the coronary vessels and contains adiposed tissue is called what?

A

epicaridium

66
Q

what is compliance

A

how much a component can expand, volume/pressure

67
Q

T or F: Veins have more compliance than arteries

A

F

68
Q

define elasticity

A

tendancy to return to initial structure after being distended

69
Q

what are the three tunics in arteries and veins

A

intima, media and adventitia

70
Q

T or F: artery has a thicker media than veins

A

T

71
Q

in the vein, the tunic that is the thickest is the ______

A

adventitia

72
Q

are elastic fibers thicker in veins or arteries?

A

veins

73
Q

muscular arteries have less ______ and more ______ ______ in their walls

A

elastin, smooth muscle

74
Q

arterioles supplying a capillary bed typically form smaller branches called ________

A

metarterioles

75
Q

what is the role of precapillary sphincters

A

regulate blood flow into true capillaries

76
Q

define arterioles

A

microvessels with an intima consisting only of endothelum, in which the cells may have rounded nuclei

77
Q

what are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated and sinusoids

78
Q

what are continuous capillaries?

A

most common. have tight, occluding junctions sealing intercellular clefts to produce minimal fluid leakage. all molecules are exchanged via diffusion or transcytosis

79
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

have tight junctions, but perferations through the endothelial cells allow greater exchange across endothelium. Found in organs where molecular exchange is important like endocrine organs

80
Q

what are sinusoids

A

discontinuous capillaries, usually have a wider dimension. large fenestrations through the walls and partial basement membrane. Found in organs where exchange of macromolecules happens between tissue and blood, eg. bone marrow

81
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries

A

drain insterstitial fluid produced when the plasma forced from the microvasculature by hydrostatic pressure does not return to blood by osmotic pressure

82
Q

what are the four major layers of the digestive tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa

83
Q

what are the four major stomach regions

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorous

84
Q

at the esophagogastric junction, _____ ___ lining the espohagus is abruptly replaced by _____ ______ of the stomach

A

stratified squamous, simple columnar

85
Q

mucosa of the stomach wall contains invaginations called ____ ___ that lead to ______ _____

A

gastric pits, gastric glands

86
Q

each villi in small intestine contains _____ ____

A

lamina propria

87
Q

what is the role of duodenal glands

A

neuralizes the pH of material entering duodenum and supplements mucus from goblet cells

88
Q

what is the role of the enterendocrine cell

A

hormones act to control gut motility, regulate secretion of enzymes, etc

89
Q

what are the three bilaterial pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, submadibular and sublingual glands

90
Q

define serous cells

A

typical protien secreting cells with rounded nuclei, accumulation of rough ER in the basal thrid and and apex filled with protein rich secretory grules

91
Q

define parotid gland

A

consists entirely of serous acni with cells producing amylase and other proteins for storage in secretory granules

92
Q

define pancreatic acni

A

seious, enzyme producing cells surrounded by small amounts of connective tissue with fibroblasts.

93
Q

under the influence of secretin, the centroacinar and intercalated ducts do what

A

secrete HCO3- fluid that hydrates and alkanizes the enzymatic secretion of acini

94
Q

what are pancreatic islets

A

clumped masses of endocrine cells in acinar tissue, helps hormones to control secretion

95
Q

the liver is composed of thousands of _____ ____ which are the basic funcitonal units of the organ

A

hepatic lobules

96
Q

deine hepatic lobule

A

polygonal epithelial cellls that form branching, irregular plates separated by venus sinusoids, found in the liver. modifies urea for excretion

97
Q

what are the major functions of hepatocytes

A

1-RER synthesizes plasma proteins
2-bilirubin and bile acids taken up and processed by enzymes in SER and secreted into bile canaliculi
3-glucose taken up stored in glycogen granules and revered when glucose is needed

98
Q

define Kupffer cells

A

in the endothelial lining of hepatic sinusiods, detect and phagocytose effected erythrocytes. found in the liver

99
Q

in the cornea ____ is 90% of the thiccness

A

stroma

100
Q

_____ ___ is continuously flowing liquid that carries metabolites to and from cells in the eye

A

aqueous humor

101
Q

define iris

A

regulates the amount of light in which the retina has exposed, stroma is richly vascularized

102
Q

the intraocular lens includes what four layers

A

lens capsule, lens epithelium, differentiating lens fibers and mature lens fibers

103
Q

The lens ____ for far sight and ____ for near sight by ____ ____ _____

A

fattens, concaves, contracting cilary muscle

104
Q

define retina

A

thick layer outside the choroid that absorbs light

105
Q

nutrients and o2 for the outer retinal layers diffuses from ______ in the _____

A

capillaries, choroid

106
Q

what two layers are in the retina

A

photosensitive layer and non-sensitive pigmented layer,

107
Q

non-sensitive pigmented layer in retina acts as a _____-_____ barrier

A

blood-nerve

108
Q

what are rod and cone cells

A

photoreceptors, have an external plexiform layer, metabolic region that has protein and phospholipid synthesis and ATP production and finally a photosensitive region for generation of receptor potential

109
Q

define lacrimal gland

A

secrete most ocmpoents of the tear film that mostriuzes, lubricates and helps protect the eye

110
Q

what does the internal ear consist of

A

a fluid filled membranous labrynth. This includes vestubilar organs for the sense of equilibium and balance and cochela for sense of hearing

111
Q

At rest in the ear, hair cells are _____ with a small amount of ___ entry and low level of ___________ release

A

polarized, K+, neurotrasmitter

112
Q

semicircular ducts have an expanded end called _____ and is raised by a ridge called ______ _______

A

ampulla, crista ampullans

113
Q

define cochela

A

auditory portion of the inner ear, has snail like spiral shape in both its bony and membranous labrynths

114
Q

define organ of corti

A

located on basilar membrane, receptor organ for hearing, located in cochela.

115
Q

what are the vestibular utricle and saccule

A

occur in the membranous labyrinth, specialized for detecting gravity and endolymph movements

116
Q

what is the vestibular maculae composed of

A

hair cells, supporting cells, and endings of the vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve

BI330 (2 decks)

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