Final Exam (Written) Flashcards by Darren Jacks

Liquid preparation containing 1 or more drug substances molecularly dispersed n a suitable solvent

Solution

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Usually aqueous, may contain other co-solvents like alcohol

Topical solutions

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Concentrated aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitutes with or without flavoring agents

Syrups

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Clear, sweet, hydroalcoholic solutions that are usually flavored. Usually insoluble in water alone, but are soluble in water-alcohol mixtures

Elixirs

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Most common vehicles for oral solutions (alone or in combination) (4)

Water, ethanol, glycerin, syrups

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Solution packaging (4)

Glass or plastic, light resistant containers

Squeeze bottles
Applicator or dropper bottles
Amber vials
Opaque cream/ointment jar

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One definite rule when choosing package sizing

Always use the smallest package that will hold the preparation

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Oral liquid storage

Room temperature or refrigerated

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Syrups storage

Refrigerated

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Two-phased system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a solid, liquid, or gas

Suspension

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When is it appropriate to make a suspension?

When the drugs are not sufficiently soluble in a solvent

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Suspension routs of administration (6)

Oral, topical, opthalmic, otic, nasal, rectal

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Composition of suspension (5)

Insoluble particles (API)
Liquid medium (vehicle)
Suspending agents/surfactants
Preservatives
Flavors/sweeteners

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Suspension storage

Room temperature or refrigerated

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Suspension labeling (4)

Shake well - ALWAYS
Internal/external use
Storage
BUD

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General BUD for oral suspensions at cold temperature

<14 days

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General BUD for topical suspension preperations

<30 days

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Thermodynamically unstable mixtures of two essentially immiscible liquids with an emulsifying agent to hold them together

Emulsion

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Emulsions consist of (3)

Dispersed phase: internal phase
Dispersion medium: external phase
Emulsifying agent

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Oil-in-water emulsion phase distinctions (o/w)

Dispersed phase (internal) = oil
Dispersion medium (external) = water

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O/W emulsion characteristics of product (5)

Internal or external use, soluble in water, water washable, non-occlusive, non-greasy

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Water-in-oil emulsion phase distinctions (w/o)

Dispersed phase (internal) = water
Dispersion medium (external) = oil

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W/O emulsion characteristics of product (5)

External use only, insoluble in water, not water washable, occlusive, greasy

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External use emulsion examples (2)

Cream, lotions

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Three components of emulsions

Lipid phase Aqueous phase Emulsifier

Example of emulsifiers (4)

Acacia Agar Pectin Gelatin

Ratios of oil:water:emulsifier in Wet Gum (English) and Dry Gum (Continental) methods of emulsions

2-4 : 2 : 1

Difference in preparation of Wet Gum vs. Dry Gum methods

Wet gum: 1. Add emulsifier 2. Add WATER and triturate until uniform 3. Add OIL in small quantities and triturate 4. Triturate until creamy, white, and crackling sound occurs * Typically more stable* Dry Gum: 1. Add emulsifier (gum) 2. Add OIL and triturate until uniform 3. Add WATER all at once and rapidly triturate 4. Triturate until creamy white and crackling sound occurs

API of a w/o emulsion base

API is typically oil or insoluble powder

API of a o/w emulsion base

API is typically an aqueous solution or insoluble powder

Three functions of topical pharmaceuticals

1. Protect injured area, permit skin to rejuvenate 2. Provide skin with hydration 3. Deliver medication to the skin for a topical or systemic effect

Drug penetration into the skin is determined by (5)

``` Pressure applied Surface area covered Condition of the skin Base used Use of occlusive dressings ```

Characteristics of ointment (4)

1. Semisolid preparations 2. Intended to be applied externally to skin or mucous membranes 3. Soften or melt at body temperature 4. Spread easily, not gritty

Characteristics of paste

1. Thick, stiff ointments 2. Do not flow at body temperature; protectively coat areas 3. Usually contain at least 20% solids

Cream application characteristics (3)

1. Applied to moist, weeping lesions 2. "Drying effect" 3. Fluid in lesions are miscible with external phase of creams

Lotion application characteristics (1)

1. Applied to areas where skin rubs together (example: toes, fingers, thighs, underarms)

Ointment application characteristics (3)

1. Used on dry, scaly lesions 2. Emollient properties hydrate the skin 3. Stay on skin longer

Paster application characteristics (2)

1. Applied to areas that require protection | 2. Stay on the skin longest

Semisolid systems consisting of suspensions that are interpenetrated by a liquid

Gel

Routes of administration for gels (5)

Oral, topical, nasal, vaginal, rectal

Composition of gels

1. Continuous phase (usually aqueous, but can be alcoholic or oleaginous) 2. Gelling agent (Carbopol/carbomer, bentonite, methylcellulose)

Helps to thicken the gel (triethanolamine/trolamine, sodium hydroxide, potassium, hydroxide)

Neutralizer

What must the carbomer be run through?

Simple sieve

Steps for adding carbomer to continuous phase of gel (3)

1. Slowly add to continuous phase while stirring to avoid clumping 2. After all is added, stir rapidly 3. Once all is incorporated, stir steadily for 10-15 minutes at a reduced speed to avoid entrapment of excess air

Allow pharmacists to prepare small-scale amounts to meet individual patient needs

Capsules

Dissolve slowly in the mouth or can easily be chewed or swallowed

Troche

Usually aqueous, may contain other co-solvents, like alcohols

Topical solutions

Solid particles of API are dispersed in a sweetened, flavored, and sometimes viscous vehicle

Oral suspension

Reasons for viscous vehicle in oral suspensions (2)

1. Helps keep particles separated | 2. More liquidy vehicle would lead to caking

Dissolve slowly in mouth or can be easily chewed or swallowed

Lozenge/Troche

Thick, stiff ointments that do NOT flow at body temperature; intended to protectively coat areas to allow it to heal; usually contain

Paste

Thermodynamically unstable mixtures of 2 immiscible liquids with an emulsifying agent to hold them together (takes on the characteristics of the external phase)

Emulsion

Liquid preparation containing one or more drug substances molecularly dispersed in a suitable solvent (homogenous)

Solution

Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions that are usually flavored; usually insoluble in water alone, but soluble in water/alcohol mixtures

Elixirs

2-phased system consisting of finely divided solid dispersed in a solid, liquid, or gas

Suspension

Semisolid systems consisting of suspensions that are interpenetrated by a liquid

Gels

Semisolid preparation intended to be applied externally to skin or mucous membrane; softens or melts at body temperature and is spread easily, not gritty

Ointment

Applied to moist, weeping lesions; fluid in lesions are miscible with external phase creating a "drying effect"

Creams

Applied to areas that require protection and stay on the skin the longest

Pastes

Used on dry, scaly lesions; emollient properties hydrate skin and allow it to stay on skin longer

Ointments

Applied to areas where skin rubs together

Lotions

Slow, uniform, dissolution

Hard lozenges

May be more appropriate for patient when solids can't be swallowed or strengths need to be tailored

Solution

Appropriate when drugs are not sufficiently soluble in solvent

Suspension

Used when two immiscible liquids must be dispensed in the same preparation

Emulsions

Energy must be put in to mix

Emulsions

Topical pharmaceuticals

Ointments/Pastes

Three functions of topical pharmaceuticals

1. Protect injured area 2. Provide skin with hydration 3. Deliver medication to skin for a topical or systemic effect

Appropriate when patient can't swallow solid oral dosage form and the medications is designed for slow release

Lozenge

O/W emulsion dispersed phase and dispersion medium

Dispersed=oil | Dispersion=water

Where to use O/W emulsion

Internal or external

W/O emulsion dispersed phase and dispersion medium

Dispersed=water | Dispersion=oil

Where to use W/O emulsion

Topical

Opaque, soft solids/thick liquids that consist of meds that are dissolved or suspended; can be either type of emulsion, but most commonly found O/W

Creams

Final Exam (Written) Flashcards

(74 cards)