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1
Q

Signs/symptoms of Viral Meningitis:

A
  • Sudden high fever, severe meningeal inflammation, increased WBCs in CSF
  • Inflammation causes most signs/symptoms
    90% of cases caused by RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus (Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus)
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2
Q

Signs/symptoms of Arboviral Encephalitis:

A
  • Arthopod-borne virus
  • mild, cold-like symptoms
    Caused by: arboviruses; mosquitoes (blood-sucking arthropods)
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3
Q

Signs/symptoms of Botulism:

A
  • Foodborne: progressive paralysis on both sides of the body; slow recovery from growth of new nerve cell endings
  • Infant: results from the ingestion of endopsores, nonspecific symptoms
  • Wound: contamination of a wound by endospores; symptoms similar to foodborne
    Caused by: Clostridium botulinum
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4
Q

What happens in Botulism?

A

Botulism toxin present in the neuromuscular junction prevents vesicles from releasing acetylcholine; paralysis

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5
Q

Signs/symptoms of Tetanus:

A
  • Tightening of the jaw (lockjaw)
  • Spasms and contractions may spread to other muscles
  • Irregular heartbeat and blood pressure and profuse sweating may occur
    Caused by: Clostridium tetani
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6
Q

What happens in Tetanus?

A

Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter; muscles can’t relax

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7
Q

Signs/symptoms of Hansen’s Disease:

A
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: nonprogressive form of the disease; strong cell-mediated immune response
  • Lepromatous leprosy: more virulent form of the disease; weak cell-mediated immune response
    Caused by: Mycobacterium leprae
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8
Q

Signs/symptoms of Polio:

A
  • Asymptomatic infections (90% of cases)
  • Minor polio: nonspecific symptoms
  • Nonparalytic polio: muscle spasms and back pain
  • Paralytic polio: produces paralysis
  • Postpolio syndrome can be debilitating
    Caused by: Poliovirus
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9
Q

Signs/symptoms of Brucellosis:

A
  • Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon
  • Endotoxin causes some of the signs and symptoms
    Caused by: Brucella melitensis
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10
Q

Signs/symptoms of Yersinia pestis:

A

Cause of: Plague

  • Bubonic plague: characterized by enlarging lymph nodes called buboes
  • Pneumonic plague: occurs when the bacterium spreads to lungs; difficult breathing
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11
Q

Signs/symptoms of Infectious mononucleosis:

A

Cause of: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)

  • Severe sore throat and fever occur initially
  • Followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, appetite loss, and a skin rash
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12
Q

Signs/symptoms of Schistosomiasis:

A
  • Swimmer’s itch at infection site
  • Eggs deposited throughout body can cause other symptoms
    Caused by: 3 species of Schistosoma
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13
Q

Signs/symptoms of Diphtheria:

A
  • Sore throat, localized pain, fever
  • Presence of a pseudo membrane that can obstruct airways
    Caused by: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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14
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis:

A
  • Gram negative cocci; known as meningococcus
  • Fimbriae, capsule, and lipoligosaccharide help the bacteria attach to cells (Neisseria cells without these structures are avirulent. Capsule protects bacteria from phagocytic lysis)
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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15
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Francisella tularensis:

A
  • Can survive within infected cells
    -Endotoxin causes many signs and symptoms
  • Diverse host ranges from mammals, birds, fish, ticks, insects
    Causes: Tularemia
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16
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes:

A
  • Group A streptococci
  • Virulence factors: M proteins, hyaluronic acid capsule, streptokinases, C5a peptidase, pyrogenic toxins, streptolysins
  • Causes Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
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17
Q

Characteristics/virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae:

A
  • Gram positive coccus
  • Leading cause of meningitis in adults
  • Capsule protects bacteria from digestion by phagocytes
  • Enzymes and toxins enable bacteria to counteract immune defenses
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
    Causes: Pneumococcal Pneumonia
    Virulence factors: adhesions, capsule, pneumolysin
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18
Q

At risk groups of Streptococcus agalactiae:

A
  • Normal vaginal microbiota in some women
  • Acquired during birth
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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19
Q

At risk groups of Listeria monocytogenes:

A
  • Pregnant women, fetuses, newborns, elderly, immunocompromised
  • Not transmitted among humans except from mother to fetus
  • Transmitted via contaminated food
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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20
Q

At risk groups of Neisseria meningitidis:

A
  • Spread among individuals in barracks and dorms; can become epidemic
    One cause of: Bacterial Meningitis
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21
Q

At risk groups of Toxoplasma:

A
  • Individuals with poor immunity
  • Fetal infections can cause numerous conditions
    Caused by: Toxoplasma gondii
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22
Q

At risk groups of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP):

A
  • Common in AIDS patients
  • Transmitted by inhalation of droplets containing the fungus
    Caused by: Pneumocystis jirovecii
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23
Q

Diagnosis of Viral Meningitis:

A

Characteristic signs and symptoms in the absence of bacteria in the CSF

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24
Q

Diagnosis of Viral Encephalitis:

A

Based on signs and symptoms; confirmed by presence of arbovirus-specific antibodies in CSF

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25
Treatment of Rabies:
Treated with human rabies immunoglobulin, vaccine injections, and infection site cleaning Caused by: Rabies virus (ssRNA virus)
26
Treatment of Pertussis:
- Also called "Whooping cough" - Treatment is primarily supportive Caused by: Bordetella pertussis
27
Reservoir/host of Viral Encephalitis:
- Vector: mosquito (blood-sucking arthropods | - Prevent by eliminating stagnant water
28
Reservoir/host of Yellow fever:
- Transmitted via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito | - Caused by: Yellow Fever Virus
29
Reservoir/host of Dengue fever:
- Vector: Aedes mosquitoes | - Caused by 4 strains of Dengue viruses
30
Reservoir/host of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS):
- Transmitted from mice via inhalation - Caused by Hantavirus - Hantavirus travels throughout the body via the blood
31
Transmission of Primary Amebic Menigoencephalitis:
- Enters host through abrasions on the skin or eyelid or by inhalation of contaminated water Caused by: Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
32
Transmission of Blastomycosis:
- Enters body through inhalation of dust carrying fungal spores Caused by: Blastomyces dermatitidis
33
Transmission of Legionella pneumophila:
- Survives in domestic water sources | Causes: Legionnaires' Disease
34
Septicemia: Bacteremia: Toxemia:
- Septicemia: any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness; caused more often by Gram negative bacteria; due to direct inoculation of bacteria into the blood - Bacteremia: bacterial septicemia - Toxemia: release of bacterial toxins into the blood (exotoxin: released from living microorganisms; endotoxins: released from Gram-negative bacteria)
35
Effects of Lipid A:
Triggers fever, inflammation, shock, and clotting
36
Signs/Symptoms of Malaria:
- Signs/symptoms associated with parasite's life in erythrocytes - Fever, chills, diarrhea, headache; anemia, weakness, and fatigue gradually occur
37
Most severe malaria...
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe malaria but there are at least four that can cause malaria
38
At risk groups of Malaria:
- Children are particularly vulnerable to infection
39
Certain genetic traits increase resistance to Malaria...
- Presence of the sickle-cell gene - Presence of two genes for hemoglobin C - Genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - Lack of Duffy antigens on erythrocytes
40
Virulence factors of Malaria:
- Reproductive cycle hides parasite from immune surveillance - Malaria secretome injects toxins into host cells - Adhesions allow red blood cells to adhere to certain tissues - Merozoites form within vesicles to avoid detection - Changes in body chemistry attract other mosquitoes
41
Epidemiology of Malaria:
- Endemic throughout tropics and subtropics | - Causes more than 1 mil. deaths annually
42
Diagnosis of Malaria:
Made by identifying Plasmodium in blood
43
Treatment of Malaria:
Various antimalarial drugs (but some Plasmodium stains are resistant to them)
44
Prevention of Malaria:
Control of mosquitoes
45
Signs/symptoms of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:
- Fever and fatigue, minor petechiae, progress to severe internal hemorrhaging Caused by: Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus
46
Pathogenesis of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:
- Malfunctioning blood clotting causes hemorrhaging
47
Epidemiology and transmission of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:
- Occurs primarily in Africa | - Contact with bodily fluid of infected individual
48
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of African Hemorrhagic Viral Fever:
- Diagnosis: based on characteristic symptoms and presence of virus in the blood - Treatment: involved fluid and electrolyte replacement - Prevention: vaccines are being studied for their effectiveness in humans
49
Signs/symptoms of Influenza:
- Pharyngitis, congestion, cough, myalgia | - Sudden fever distinguishes flu from a common cold
50
Pathogen and pathogenesis of Influenza:
- Caused by Influenza virus types A and B - Symptoms produced by the immune repsonse to the virus - Flu patients are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections; virus causes damage to lung epithelium
51
Virulence factors of Influenza:
- Mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase produce new strains (occurs via antigenic drift and antigenic shift) - Concern about the fatality associated with strains similar to those of past pandemics
52
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention of Influenza:
- Diagnosis: signs/symptoms are usually diagnostic - Treatment: involves supportive care to relieve symptoms; Oseltamivir and Zanamivir can be administered early in infection - Prevention: immunization with a multivalent vaccine
53
2 recently emerging diseases of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
54
Signs/symptoms of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:
- High fever, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing - Later, patients develop dry cough and pneumonia Caused by: Coronaviruses
55
Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:
- Spreads via respiratory droplets
56
Diagnosis and treatment of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome:
Diagnosis: based on signs/symptoms; confirmed by isolating virus or antibodies against virus Treatment: supportive
57
Geographic distribution of system fungal diseases:
- Cocciciocomycosis: southwest in US, northern part of Mexico, small random parts of South America Caused by: Coccidioides immitis - Blastomycosis: centro-east in US Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis - Histoplasmosis: western coast of Africa, spotted parts in centro-east US and South America Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
58
Epidemiology of Lyme disease:
One of the most reported vector-born disease in the US (ticks) Caused by: Borrelia burgdorferi
59
HIV:
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a Lentivirus (subgroup of Retrovirus) Causes: HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
60
Transmission, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of HIV:
- Failure on the immune system - Transmitted by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejeculate, or breast milk - Infects T cells (CD4), macrophages, dendritic cells
61
Bacterial Meningitis is caused by...
``` Neisseria meningitidis Steptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Listeria monocytogenes Streptococcus agalactiae ```
62
Encephalitis is caused by...
Arboviruses; mosquitoes (blood-sucking arthropods)
63
Botulism is caused by...
Clostridium botulinum
64
Tetanus is caused by...
Clostridium tetani
65
Hansen's disease (Leprosy) is caused by...
Mycobacterium leprae
66
Poliomyelitis is caused by...
Poliovirus
67
Brucellosis is caused by...
Brucella melitensis
68
Yersinia pestis causes...
Plague
69
Infectious mononucleosis causes...
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)
70
Schistosomiasis is caused by...
3 species of Schistosoma
71
Diphtheria is caused by...
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
72
Neisseria meningitidis causes...
Bacterial meningitis
73
Francisella tularensis causes...
Tularemia
74
Streptococcus pyogenes causes...
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
75
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes...
One cause of Bacterial meningitis | Pneumococcal pneumonia
76
Streptococcus agalactiae causes...
Bacterial meningitis
77
Liseria monocytogenes causes...
Bacterial meningitis
78
Toxoplasma is caused by...
Toxoplasma gondii
79
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) is caused by...
Pneumocystis jirovecii
80
Viral meningitis is caused by...
90% of cases caused by RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus (Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus)
81
Rabies is caused by...
Rabies virus (ssRNA virus)
82
Pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by...
Bordetella pertussis
83
Yellow fever is caused by...
Yellow fever virus
84
Dengue fever is caused by...
Four strains of dengue viruses
85
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is caused by...
Hantavirus
86
Primary amebic menigoencephalitis is caused by...
Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
87
Blastomycosis is caused by...
Blastomyces dermatitidis
88
Legionella pneumophila causes...
Legionnaires' Disease
89
Malaria is caused by...
At least four Plasmodium species
90
African hemorrhagic viral fever is caused by...
Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus
91
Influenza is caused by...
Influenza virus types A and B
92
Coronavirus Respiratory syndrome is caused by...
Coronaviruses
93
Cocciciocomycosis is caused by...
Coccidiodes immitis
94
Blastomycosis is caused by...
Blastomyces dermatitidis
95
Histoplasmosis is caused by...
Histoplasma capsulatum
96
Lyme disease is caused by...
Borrelia burgdorferi
97
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes...
HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Biol 220 (6 decks)

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