FINAL flashcards Flashcards by Diana Bautista

What are some characteristics of a benign growth?

does not metastasize
grow slowly
well defined capsule
not invasive
well differentiated
low mitotic index

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What are some characteristics of a malignant growth?

rapid growth
not encapsulated
invasive
poorly differentiated
high mitotic index
spreads

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What are examples of benign tumors?

Lipoma
Hemangioma
Leiomyoma
Chondroma

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What are the TMN stages of cancer?

Stage 1: Confined to organ of origin
Stage 2: Locally invasive
Stage 3: Spread to lymph nodes
Stage 4: Spread to distant sites

CIS special case

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What cancer stage would it be if the cancer is confined to organ of origin?

stage 1

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What cancer stage would it be if the cancer is locally invasive?

stage 2

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What cancer stage would it be if the cancer has spread the lymph nodes?

stage 3

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What cancer stage would it be if the cancer has spread to distant areas of the body?

stage 4

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Neoplasia

abnormal proliferation cells with high degrees of autonomy

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Anaplasia

lack of differentiation, primitive cells

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Autonomy

cancer cells independent from normal cell control

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Markers

substances produced by cancer cells

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What are some examples of environmental risk factors for cancer?

Tobacco 
Radiation 
Alcohol 
Sexual behavior (HPV) 
Diet
Obesity 
Occupational hazards
Electromagnetic fields?

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What can we modify our treatment for someone on chemo?

Decrease intensity, in order to not fatigue the patients

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Tissue after radiation?

the tissues becomes fibrotic and hard

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PH of skin

4.5-5-5

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Vital functions of skin

Regulating temp
Sensations: touch, pressure, and pain
Preventing loss of body fluids
Excretory organ
Interface
Prevents invasion

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What are some age related changes that occur to the epithelium?

Sweat glands diminish
Epithelial and fatty layers atrophy
Collagen and elastin shrink and degenerate
Decrease 1 percent per year of adult life

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When there is a pressure wound where does the most damage occur? superficially or deeper?

Deeper muscle tissue can be necrotic before damage to the overlying tissue is apparent
If time pressure threshold is exceed damage can occur even after the pressure has been relieved

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HOTSPOTS

Heels 
Occiput 
Toes
Sacrum 
Posterior buttcheek 
Occipital protuberance
Thoracic spine 
Scapula

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Shear

mechanical force that is parallel

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Macerated skin is ____ more likely to become ulcerated?

5 times

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What are the wound healing processes?

primary intention
delayed primary intention
second intention

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WOUND HEALING: primary healing

Study These Flashcards

wound has little to no tissue loss (Body is healing itself)

WOUND HEALING: delayed primary intention

healing occurs when significant tissue loss can be repaired surgically with a skin or mm graft

WOUND HEALING: secondary intention

describes the process of healing a wound without the benefit of surgery

Scar tissue is stronger than normal skin T/F?

FALSE- scar tissue will never have the same strength

Induration

tissue firmness that may occur around a wound margin

Erythema

inflammatory redness of the skin due to engorged capillaries

Maceration

wet skin

Undermining

tunneling effect or pocket occurring under the pressure ulcers edges or margins

Slough

nonviable tissue is loosely attached

Eschar

nonviable dead wound (black)

Granulation

formation in wounds of soft, pink, fleshy projections consisting of capillaries surrounded by fibrous collagen

Pressure wound stages

Stage 1: Intact skin non-blanchable Stage 2:Partial thickness loss of dermis where you can see a shallow open ulcer without slough. Intact or open serum filled blister. Stage 3: Full thickness tissue loss, subq fat may be visible, but no bone or mm. Slough. Undermining and tunneling Stage 4: Full thickness with exposed bone, tendon, or mm UNSTAGABLE: covered by eschar, can't be stages

Stage 1 pressure wound treatment

- Remove the pressure - Do not rub or massage prominence - Do not use donuts

Stage 2 pressure wound treatment

- Remove pressure - Keep clean - Keep blisters intact if possible - Cover with light dressing if ulcer is open (DAILY)

Stage 3 pressure wound treatment

- Remove pressure - Eliminate slough - Manage exudate - Monitor for infection - Treat pain

Stage 4 pressure wound treatment

- Remove pressure - Eliminate slough or eschar - Manage exudate - Treat pain - Monitor for infection

transparent film

- Allows oxygen penetration - Autolytic debridement - Good for stage 1-2

Foam

- Non occlusive - Highly absorbent - Up to 7 days - NOT FOR DRY WOUNDs

What dressings should we use to manage exudate?

- foam | - alginates

What should we use to eliminate slough?

Autolytic, enzymatic or sharp debridement

Hydrocolloids

- swells with exudate - Waterproof—helps with autolytic debridement - Use on shallow stage II pressure ulcers - Can trap moisture under the dressing causing maceration

Hydrogels

- Applied to base of the wound to soften eschar - Use in wounds that are dry, contain hard eschar - Provide some soothing, pain relieving properties - CON: require secondary dressing

Alginates

- Seaweed based woven fibers: exudate - Highly absorbent - Can be left in wound bed for several days - Require a secondary dressing - Good on highly draining stage III and IV ulcer

What are some signs of a arterial insufficiency ulcer?

- painful - red - no drainage - well defined edges

What are some signs of a venous insufficiency ulcer?

- not painful - drainage - irregular edges - shallow

How to you treat a arterial venous insufficiency?

LOWERING the LEGS | no compression

Examples of selective debridement?

Enzymatic autolytic maggots

Examples of non-selective debridement?

Wet to dry | whirlpool

RULES of 9's

``` Head 9 Chest 9 Stomach: 9 Front of arms 4.5 Whole arm would be 9 Genitals 1 Front of leg 9 Back of leg 9 ```

With what burn percentage is there a risk of dying?

over 25 percent of the body burned

Burn degrees?

1st degree burn: Skin is red 2nd degree partial thickness: Blisters 3rd degree full thickness : Charring

What is the difference between keloids and hypertrophic scaring?

Keloids grow beyond the original wound boundary compared to hypertrophic scarring which stays WITHIN the wound boundaries

Pelvic floor grades of severity

1. Discomfort 2. Frequently limits intercourse 3. Incapacitating problem, abstinence

What percentage of women do not seek pelvic floor health?

60 percent

What is the most important pelvic floor exercise?

KEGALS

Diastasis exercises?

``` Bridging Pelvic tilts Dead bug Braced crutch Pank ```

FINAL flashcards

(59 cards)