FInal ID Terms

Question 1

Who was Jules Ferry?

Answer 1

French statesman and republican who was twice Prime Minister of France.

Key promoter of secular, free public education and advocate of French imperial expansion.

Question 2

What was the Cohong?

Answer 2

A guild of Chinese merchants who controlled trade with Western merchants under the Qing dynasty.

Restricted foreign trade and contributed to the Opium Wars.

Question 3

Who was Lin Zexu?

Answer 3

Chinese official and scholar known for his opposition to the opium trade.

His actions led to the First Opium War and marked a turning point in Qing-British relations.

Question 4

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?

Answer 4

A reform initiative by Qing officials to modernize China’s military and industry after defeats in the Opium Wars.

Combined Western technology with Confucian principles but ultimately failed.

Question 5

What was the Sepoy Mutiny?

Answer 5

A major, though unsuccessful, revolt by Indian soldiers in the British East India Company’s army in 1857.

Marked the end of the East India Company’s rule and led to direct British control.

Question 6

Who was William Bentinck?

Answer 6

The first Governor-General of India under the British Crown, known for initiating social reforms.

His reforms laid the groundwork for Indian resentment that contributed to the Sepoy Mutiny.

Question 7

What was the Raj?

Answer 7

The period of direct British rule in India following the collapse of the East India Company from 1858 to 1947.

Characterized by economic exploitation and racial segregation.

Question 8

What was the Berlin Conference?

Answer 8

A meeting of European powers to divide Africa into colonial territories and formalize imperial claims from 1884 to 1885.

Confirmed the principle of ‘effective occupation’ and marked the height of European imperialism.

Question 9

What was the Great Trek?

Answer 9

A mass migration of Boer settlers moving northward to escape British rule in the Cape Colony during the 1830s–1840s.

Established Boer republics like the Transvaal and Orange Free State.

Question 10

What is the Transvaal?

Answer 10

A Boer republic in southern Africa founded after the Great Trek, contested during the Anglo-Boer Wars.

Its wealth made it a strategic target for British imperialism.

Question 11

What was the Belgian Congo?

Answer 11

A central African colony controlled personally by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1960.

Subject to brutal exploitation, it became infamous for imperial atrocities.

Question 12

Who was Louis Kossuth?

Answer 12

Hungarian nationalist and leader of the 1848–1849 Hungarian Revolution against Habsburg rule.

Advocated for constitutional government and Hungarian independence.

Question 13

What was the Frankfurt Assembly?

Answer 13

A German national assembly convened to create a unified, liberal Germany in 1848–1849.

Its failure disillusioned liberal nationalists and shifted unification toward conservative leadership.

Question 14

Who was Frederick William IV?

Answer 14

King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861 known for his romantic conservative ideals.

Rejected the crown from the Frankfurt Assembly, delaying German unification.

Question 15

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Answer 15

Prussian statesman who unified Germany through a policy of Realpolitik and ‘blood and iron’.

Engineered wars to unify Germany and implemented social reforms to combat socialism.

Question 16

Who was Count Cavour?

Answer 16

Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and leading architect of Italian unification.

Promoted economic modernization and formed alliances to remove Austrian influence.

Question 17

What was the Emancipation of the Serfs?

Answer 17

The legal abolition of serfdom in Russia by Tsar Alexander II in 1861.

Freed about 23 million serfs but created long-term rural discontent.

Question 18

What was The People’s Will?

Answer 18

A radical Russian revolutionary organization advocating political terrorism to overthrow the autocracy.

Most famous for assassinating Tsar Alexander II in 1881.

Question 19

What was the Tanzimat?

Answer 19

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernizing the state from 1839 to 1876.

Included legal equality for non-Muslims and faced resistance from conservatives.

Question 20

What was the Ausgleich?

Answer 20

The ‘Compromise’ that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867.

Responded to nationalist pressures and stabilized the Habsburg monarchy.

Question 21

What was the Black Hand?

Answer 21

A secret Serbian nationalist and terrorist organization founded in 1911.

Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, triggering World War I.

Question 22

What was the Triple Alliance?

Answer 22

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882.

Played a major role in the escalation of World War I.

Question 23

What is the Triple Alliance?

Answer 23

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882

Italy left the alliance in 1915. It aimed to counterbalance the Triple Entente and played a major role in WWI escalation.

Question 24

What is trench warfare?

Answer 24

A method of warfare where opposing armies dig and occupy long trenches facing each other, most associated with WWI (1914–1918)

Defined the fighting on the Western Front and introduced new technologies like machine guns and poison gas.

Question 25

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

Answer 25

1919 ## Footnote It ended WWI and imposed harsh terms on Germany, including reparations and territorial losses.

Question 26

What was the significance of the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 26

It blamed Germany for the war, imposed severe reparations, reduced its military, and took away territory, contributing to the rise of Adolf Hitler ## Footnote The treaty angered Germans and undermined the legitimacy of the Weimar Republic.

Question 27

What was the Weimar Republic?

Answer 27

The democratic German government formed after WWI, existing from 1919 to 1933 ## Footnote It faced political extremism and economic crises, ultimately paving the way for Hitler’s rise.

Question 28

What was the Kapp Putsch?

Answer 28

A failed right-wing coup attempt against the Weimar Republic in March 1920 ## Footnote Led by Wolfgang Kapp, it revealed the weakness of the Weimar government and the danger from the far-right.

Question 29

What happened on Bloody Sunday?

Answer 29

A massacre of peaceful Russian protestors by Tsarist troops on January 22, 1905 ## Footnote It sparked the 1905 Russian Revolution and led to the creation of the Duma.

Question 30

What is the Duma?

Answer 30

The Russian Empire’s national parliament created by Tsar Nicholas II after the 1905 Revolution ## Footnote It was intended as a concession for reform but failed to bring real change.

Question 31

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Answer 31

Leader of the Bolshevik Party and architect of the Russian Revolution of 1917 ## Footnote He established a Communist state and withdrew Russia from WWI.

Question 32

What was the Five Year Plan?

Answer 32

A series of centralized economic goals launched by Joseph Stalin to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union starting in 1928 ## Footnote It caused widespread famine but increased industrial output significantly.

Question 33

What does appeasement mean?

Answer 33

A diplomatic policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands to avoid conflict, primarily in the 1930s ## Footnote Most associated with Britain and France toward Nazi Germany.

Question 34

Who was Neville Chamberlain?

Answer 34

British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940, known for his policy of appeasement toward Hitler ## Footnote He claimed to secure 'peace for our time' at the 1938 Munich Conference.

Question 35

What was the Battle of Britain?

Answer 35

An air battle between the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe from July to October 1940 ## Footnote It marked the first major German defeat and saved Britain from invasion.

Question 36

What was Operation Barbarossa?

Answer 36

Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 ## Footnote It was the largest military invasion in history and marked the beginning of Hitler’s downfall.

Question 37

What was the significance of Normandy?

Answer 37

The Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day ## Footnote It marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control.

Question 38

What was the Salt March?

Answer 38

A nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi against British salt taxes in March–April 1930 ## Footnote It symbolized nonviolent resistance and galvanized Indian nationalism.

Question 39

What does Guomindang (GMD) refer to?

Answer 39

The Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen and later led by Chiang Kai-shek ## Footnote It aimed to unify China and resist warlords and communists.

Question 40

Who was Chiang Kai-shek?

Answer 40

Leader of the Guomindang and head of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1949 ## Footnote He fled to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War.

Question 41

What is the Iron Curtain?

Answer 41

A metaphorical division between Western (capitalist) and Eastern (communist) Europe after WWII ## Footnote Coined by Winston Churchill in 1946, it symbolized the Cold War divide.

Question 42

What is the Truman Doctrine?

Answer 42

U.S. foreign policy promising aid to countries threatened by communism, announced in 1947 ## Footnote It marked the start of the Cold War and committed the U.S. to a policy of containment.