Final IDs

Question 1

Teddy Roosevelt early 1900s 1901-1909

Answer 1

teddy Roosevelt was attracted to the idea of big game hunting but the bison were gone. enabled the american antiquities act. He established the U.s forest service and appointed Gifford Pich as chief. he protected 230 million acres of american land. He also reserved the land for public use and started irrigation projects. Hunting and preservation were connected to masculinity

Question 2

Gifford Pinchot (early 1900s)

Answer 2

First chief of the U.s forest service increased the area and number of national forest he was fired by taft in a controversy over coal claims in alaska. followed the rule the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run. emphasized the controlled profitable use of forest. His idea was to transfer authority of management from department of interior to department of agriculture. It was a good way to make efficient cart use of resources

Question 3

Antiquities act

Answer 3

was passed in 1906 it gives the president authority to restrict the amount of public land owned by the federal government. for the protection of objects of scientific and historic interests. it was used to establish many national parks and monuments

Question 4

the general revision act

Answer 4

was passed in 1891 during the westward expansion of the 1800s many public lans were transferred to private ownership. the act authorized the president to reserve the remaining public forest lands and prevent them from being acquired.

Question 5

The chicago board of trade

Answer 5

founded as a private membership organization in 1848, they became influential when there was a spike in demand for grain. Created centralized procedures for shipment and sale switched to a system based on weight instead of volume and created a system that gave grade based on quality

Question 6

George Perkins marsh

Answer 6

Wrote man and nature which argued that deforestation could lead to desertification, influenced the creation of adirondiack park

Question 7

The homestead act

Answer 7

gave an applicant ownership of land at little or no cost. Was a great part of manifest destiny. the first act was passed in 1862 as more acts passed they were approved upon each act gave out more and more acres went form 160 acres in 1862 to 640 acres in 1916. This is an example of privatizing public domain oftentimes abused in order to secure resources such as water. race for resources.

Question 8

John Muir (late 1800s)

Answer 8

was an important advocate of making Yosemite’s a national park, he wrote my first summer in the sierra. he used romanticism to write the extreme beauty and biodiversity. He spoke of 200 ft nobel pines “the world seems richer now that i have found this place” he founded the sierra club which is a important conservation organization. MAjor supporter against the damn built at hitch tetchy and against other damns, he won some battles and lose others he befriended people in political office. the spiritual quality and enthusiasm in his writings inspired readers and congressman to preserve large natural areas like Yosemite.

Question 9

glacier and the blackfeet

Answer 9

an example of environmental racism and injustice blackfoot nation sold a section of their reservation in exchange for the right to hunt fish and gather on theta land but glacier national park has been unwilling to recognize that right

Question 10

The idea of wilderness

Answer 10

evolved overtime, old idea of wilderness was one of harsh unforgiving wasteland, new idea was one of a location where the old purity of nature was maintained and corrupting human influence was absent
both ideas are overly simple: old idea based on the reality that areas outside of human settlements were extremely dangerous in 17th early 19th century america new idea based on romanticization of nature and discounting the danger and wilderness associated with wilderness
wilderness was often preserved by pushing off native americans (see glacier and the blackfeet)

Question 11

pipelines

Answer 11

type of infrastructure used to transport oil. the first pipelines in the U.S was Byron’s tide water pipeline. they figured that if they could build a pipeline the oil could move itself however the pipe laying tools first had to be built which were sunk costs
rockefeeler and others in standard oil which was called the octopus because it controlled so much in the oil industry found out about this and made the pipeline take so mush longer then it should have to complete they did this by sabotage hiring people to beat people up messing with construction sites, purchasing property next to the pipeline
pipeline was finally completed in 1879 rickefeller tried to buy them out and he did
significance: pipelines changed the calculus of where oil would be delivered the amount of refining increases markedly with the construction of pipelines. they are a vital in energy transitions and in terms of site production and manufacturing

Question 12

spindeltop

Answer 12

salt dome oil field in beaumont texas
oil literally gushed out of the ground made texas an oil rush state
1901 first spendeltop del stuck oil soon produced 100,000 barrels/day from only one well
extreme abundance at spindeltop made it hard to believe that the oil would become scare one day

Question 13

gasoline taxes

Answer 13

Justified as a user fee; the more you drove the more you paid they allowed for the expansion of road construction projects and the maintenance of existing system by 1929 all 48 states had instituted this tax
lobbied by automobile associations and some industry groups as well
oil prices fell in the late 1920s because of increasing domestic production which hid the tax from consumers prices fell as taxes inched upwards even during the 1930s 1930s state legislature attempt to divert revenues to other expenditures which provoked massive blacklash from industry lobbies and many consumers
1932 federal 1 cent per gallon gasoline tax instituitfied

Question 14

opec

Answer 14

Organization of the petroleum exporting countries, an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil producing countries the goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers, it was first established in 1960. in 1973 oil crisis opec proclaimed an oil embargo. price for gasoline and heating files increased by 70% overnight also led to rationing of oil. the us has been using more imported oil producing less domestically

Question 15

George Mitchell

Answer 15

was the pinoer of fracking, he went to texas a and m and studied geology, he got involved in the mineral oil and natural gas industry
took advantage of the increasing market for natural gas that was expanding from the 1930s to the 1950s
had a team of people working on a way to access deposits of natural gas that was expanding from the 30s through the 50s. had a team of people working on a way to access deposits of natural gas night and day for 17 years to get oil ou of texas. in 1997 he was finally able to access these deposits using hydraulic fracking
fracking has its per cations because of the water sediments leak into the ground and has been know t cause minor earthquake
freaking uses a cocktail of chemicals to draw oil out of the ground essentially creating earthquakes and opining ground water

Question 16

the wheat bonanza

Answer 16

High, profitable production in wheat in the 1870s in large scale operation in california, isaac friedlander was the key person to develop the infrastructure and markets (international network of banks warehouses, shipping companies and grain sack factories used during the wheat bonanza
ended die to overproduction competition and glutted market, significance techniques and machinery used were exported from california and used to influence other agribusinesse

Question 17

the peoples party (late 1800s)

Answer 17

started by the farmers alliance because the 2 party system didn’t represent them. they recruited farmers ranchers cattlemen miners act
sub treaty idea (grain banks)
a store grain and cotton and realeasr it systematically to control price stability
candidate william bryan supported silver standard and government control of railroads, cross of gold speech with government control of railroads means steady fair transportation prices, supported the democratic candidate but lost 1895 election to republican William mckinley

Question 18

the battle over dinosaur

Answer 18

aldo leopold and the land ethic, a way of thinking and land ethic of biological preserve something about ruins at calla wilderness (established as a primitive area by fed gov in 1924 and a battle

Question 19

The Colorado river storage compact

Answer 19

1922 agreement between 7 states in th colorado river watershed in regards to the allocation of the water rights in the river. the 1922 meeting between various states in the colorado basin put on by hoover in santa fe, new mexico. mexico wanted to participate but was excluded there was contention over where the damns should be built and whom they would most benefit. estimated that there was 1 million acre feet of water in the river however the problem with using static figure is that it changes from year to year so when trying to divide they would often come up short or abundant. the first major dam was built at boulder cannoyn now called hoover dam, it utilized water and the modern marl of the hoover dam, hoover damn would be the pivotal project for the future power of the beureau and dams

Question 20

stewart udall

Answer 20

1963 the quit crisis “america today stands poised on a principle of wealth and power, yet we live in a land of vanishing beauty, of increasingly ugliness, he emphasized that its the prosperity that americans enjoy that allow them to develop the perspectives of theses places and the people whiten these places and competing points of view. he influenced the wilderness act 1964

Question 21

texas longhorns

Answer 21

cow breed evolved from the standard domesticated cows brought over by columbus, they went feral and developed long horns, less popular because of lean hard beef. and they were unable to gain weight quickly, they demonstrate the dynamic nature of livestock commodity markets

Question 22

the production chain

Answer 22

as cattle began being shipped via railroad rather then driven to destinations the production chain began to change cattle would be born in one place, fattened in another killed in another and eaten in another. the use of railroads in the bier industry caused the place where beef was eaten to often be very far geographically from cows original birthplace. this lead to higher production because the beef could be shipped at greater distance and faster speeds which helped increase demands and expand markets, eventually sad to speculation in cattle markets people entering the industry caused proces to fall, as well as overgrazing

Question 23

Downwinders

Answer 23

communities who are expose to radioactive contamination or nuclear fallout from atmospheric or underground nuclear weapon testing and nuclear accidents. US conducted 200 nuclear weapoons test in new mexico, Nevada and the pacific ocean another unforeseen side effect of the weapons testing harmed communities disproportionately

Question 24

Three mile island

Answer 24

a partial nucleur meltdown which occurred in one of the two three mile island nuclur reactors in dauphin county pensylvania unites states in march 28. 1979

Question 25

Power steer

Answer 25

term used for cattle that are fattened with feeding grain, beef tallow and hormones. health trade-off for the cow due to their inability to properly digest grain. beef tallow often gave cows use and mad cow disease. Anti biotics were used to keep cows healthy and fat enough for slaughtering, it took approximately a barrel of oil per each steer raised slaughtered then shipped. the significance brings yp the controversy of hormone injected foods and its effect on humans when consumed. Large amounts of energy needed to produce steer caused nitrogen runoff from cornfields and operations into the mississippi river to the gulf of mexico causing alge blooms hat produced a dead zone to fishes

Question 26

federal highway acts (1956)

Answer 26

largest public works project in american history through that time. 25 billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles. federal portion of the cost of the interstate highway system has been paid for by taxes on gasoline and diesel file. the growing dependence on fules is an example of an infrastructure trap

Question 27

American lawns

Answer 27

Idea established from aristocratic garden in Britain. became possible due to suburbanization where land was more available and houses began to be built upwards instead of outwards. labor laws began to change to a certain amount of hours per week giving homeowners more leisure time to work on landscaping. this increases the use of fertilizer and pesticides to keep lawns presentable and most of the time they were used incorectley which lead to the death of millions of birds yearly also increased water usage gallons of spilled oils from gardening equipment and polutatants emissions from leaf blowers. chemicals tracked through home built up in carpet which became a health hazard

Question 28

National park service act

Answer 28

created by stephan Mather and Horace Albright. gave congressional approving and funding to build the national park system. Mather made it his mission to increase the amount of funding that the parks received. he repeatedly gathered elite people and got them to donate money and put pressure on congress. he tried to bring more attention to national parks and gain public support by building things in these natural places such as elevator in yellowstone in order to get tourism in the marks, also luxury hotels were built. worked to get more people to visit the parks

Question 29

suburbanization

Answer 29

boomed after WWII when veterans came back from abroad and received subsides (education/money/housing) thus creating a large demand for houses. cities were limited on space so housing developments moved to the outside of the city soon followed by business to provide products and service to the people. created a loss of business in the urban areas which resulted in their decline economically and socially. it also increased the demand of automobiles to travel (which in turn increased the consumption of products for cars such as oil, rubber and road construction

Question 30

Anthracite coal

Answer 30

coal variety with highest energy content and least impurities, did not catch on initially because it was difficult to light. it became popular in the upper classes. low energy smokey coal. significance demonstrates the class separations of energy consumption. economic disparity

Question 31

organic cities

Answer 31

in organic cities most of what is done in arms of transportation and food production involves animals such as horses and pigs, horses were good at pulling carriages but they produced a great deal of manure. this did provide a lot fertilizer, but it also created stench disease and air pollution horses were also often worked to death then tosses into streets where they would rot. some people were interested in sanitation campaigns, while others blamed the accumulation of garbage in certain areas on immigrant and african americans. pigs were also an efficient animal to have around during the 19th century because they cleaned up garbage on the city streets and people could eat them. pigs became aggressive though.

Question 32

jane adams (late 1800s)

Answer 32

built hull house to help the poor, the poor had difficulty in the cities thus resorted to crime hull house provided showers and medicine. garbage build up was making children sick jane worked on trash reform.

Question 33

Jacob riis

Answer 33

Muckracking reporter who wrote how the other half lives highlighted horrible environmental conditions for about 1/2 of the population of ny early pinoneer of environmental justice sensationalist journalist or both?

Question 34

alice hamilton

Answer 34

graduate university of Michigan medical school, was appointed by the governor to investigate health issues in the industrial workplace under occupational disease commissions in Illinois. she identified the connection between workplace and occupational illness. she was also a close ally of jane adams during the garbage war. her findings were scientifically convincing that it lead to a series of industrial reforms and aided overall awareness both for public and corporate in regards to occupational safety and health

Question 35

issue- attention cycle

Answer 35

Idea that issues that receive the most media focus get the most concern/growth. people tend to forget about the movement over time unless reminded by media. example is the 1969 santa barbra oil spill was televised and time magazine covered pictures of oil covered birds and dying baby seals

Question 36

NEPA

Answer 36

national environmental policy act which was sometimes referred to as the environmental magna carter emulated across the world required federal agencies to produce environmental assessments and environmental impact statements, applied to all federal agencies in executive branch

Question 37

clean air act

Answer 37

passed in 1963 and was amended multiple times, was a federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level, requires the environmental protection agency (EPA) to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants known to be hazardous to human health

Question 38

James watt

Answer 38

a controversial secretary of the interior (1981-1983) had hostility to environmentalism and endorsed of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interest

Question 39

the sagebrush rebellion (1970s)

Answer 39

sagebrush rebels wanted the federal government to give more control of federally owned western lands to state and local authorities. this was meant to increase the growth of western economies. Ronald Reagan declared himself a rebel as well the term sagebrush rebellion was coined during fights over designation of national wilderness lands especially in western states

Question 40

Silent spring

Answer 40

rachel carson was able to fuse science with art by writing eloquently and expanding peoples points of view. for instance while writing on DDT she critiques it in a more philosophical way by playing on the sentiment of disappearing baby birds cused by this chemical. this created a relationship between sentiments and science. she also used the example of the bald eagle to try to get people to care. she essentially got people to think about systematic problems, public threats, and ecological threats. more specifically carson warned people of the danger of ddt which was sprayed everywhere with no resistance. she explained that the way we deal with things is the same but technology and industry has become more lethal. significance is that client spring evoked an intense public reaction

Question 41

Love canal

Answer 41

1953 neighborhood that was built by the niagara fall school board on top of a chemical dumping site after being purchased from hooker chemical company had dumped 43 million pounds of chemicals into the ground for a dollar. chemicals resulted in tremendous health problems linked to toxic waste, such as miscarriage, cancer, and deformities. this sparked national attention concerning hazardous waste disposal and changing the idea of not in my backyard to not in any bodes backyard issue aided in the passage of CERCLA

Question 42

CERCLA (1980)

Answer 42

comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act (cercla) Identify parties responsible for hazardous substances releases to the environment and compel those parties to clean up the sites. 800 families paid to relocate the state in 1980. was not good for renters and african americans. it demonstrated environmental racisim and the disproportionate chemical damages of industry

Question 43

Prior appropriation vs. riparian rights

Answer 43

when california wrote its first constitution riparian rights were the primary law this meant that anyone who lives along the watercourse can enjoy access to the water and has a responsibility to not foul or impede the water force, however in california and colorado a new body of water law was formed and it reflected the scarcity of water and the need to use water for mining. prior approbation allowed people to monopolize bodies of water by flaming that they had been using the water source when new people arrive and selling the rights to use the water source to those new people. the emergence of california doctrine combined riparian rights with proper appropriation two of the largest landowners in the U.S lux and haggis are fighting over access of water due to shrinking resources caused by the need for water for cattle drought made water even more scarcer and thousand of cattle died as a result of not having access to water haggis claimed prior apportion rights while lux claimed riparian rights because both claimants were rich the case got very large. it wasn't clear how much bribery occurred in the case but it was decided that lux did not have a claim to riparian rights although the court also acknologed that there were prior appropriation rights the court basically did not come down clearly one way or another. california water law is very complicated if you live and own property near a body of water you have access to that water. but when you showed up matters because it determines the proportion of access you have

Question 44

John wesley powell (late 1800s)

Answer 44

1867 powell led a service of expeditions into the rocky mountains and around the green and colorado rivers. recognized the issue of unregulated water usage in western territories. pwelss recommendations for development of the west were largely ignored until after the dust bowl

Question 45

Newlands reclamation act

Answer 45

in 1902 created the beurua of reclamation for the purposed of creating infrastructure projects that would laoow settlement of arid lands, it passed in 1902 and created the bureau of reclamation to create infrastructure projects for irrigation that would allow the settlement s of arid lands. funds plans and builds dams and reservoirs. first major dam was rosevelts dam in arizona. John wesley powell and william ellsworth smith were most important in forming the debate. in many ways the act was viewed as a homestead act with government subsidized water project as an aid. creates a certain infrastructure and beuracracy that will become one of the most important beuracracies in the U.s and will demonstrate the capacity to execute theses projects

Question 46

san francisco earthquake and fire (1906)

Answer 46

7.7 magnitude 5,000 dead 28,000 buildings destroyed. buildings were not up to date even though the city was on a fault line. the fire was publicized a lot to draw attention away from the building code issue. chinatown harmed disprotionitly due to cheeper/weaker buildings. this is seen as environmental racisim. shows the poor values and priorities of city planers

Question 47

Hurricane Katrina

Answer 47

Part of unnatural history of natural disasters, new orleans located downstream from levees, in place that would ordinarily be flooded reveled problems in disaster funding: funding spent toward infrastructure in more wetly nehiberhoods instead of new orleans FEMA kept 10,000 body bags on hand prior to disaster. Huricane betsy hit new orleans in 1965 afterward there was in intent to build infrastructure but instead mine went to more economical projects. environmental racisim showcases twisted values. and profits over ride community safety

Question 48

the 37th congress

Answer 48

Most productive congress of all time in session form 1861-1863. extreme productivity result of succession of south essentially a single party monopoly. modernized tax and banking system it created the USDA first transcontinental railroad public land designated for national universities also passed the homestead act which gave 160 acres to anyone 21 or older who had not taken arms against the union even to african americans and women

Question 49

the plow that prone the plains

Answer 49

documentary that came out in 1936 dramatized the dust bowl it reveled human causes of dust storm blamed farmers who overflowed and did not practice good dry land farming techniques. funded in part by the federal government which openly supported new deal policies

Question 50

the dust bowl

Answer 50

was a period of intense dust stories in great plains and part of canda during the 1930s. the immediate causes were severe drought and failure to apply basic dry land farming method. donald worsted suggest that disaster may have been caused by capitalist attitudes toward increasing production

Question 51

The AAA

Answer 51

agriculture adjustment act was passed in 1933 and reposed in 1938 with minor funding changes. it paid farmers subsidies to not plant on some of their land, made more money not growing anything then they would growing staple commodities. also gave incentives to those who killed excess live stock. it brought value of crops up to a more stable level was liked by farmers and populist. it stated the problem of large government agriculture subsidies

Question 52

The Ogallala Aquifer

Answer 52

Vast water table aquifer located below the great plains was used to irrigate lands in plains that would otherwise be unsuitable for agriculture and lands that the dust bowl had scared people off of. was not practical until invention of center pivot irrigation after wwII trended plains into one of the most agriculturally productive regions of us over irrigation led to extreme depletion 9% from 1950 -2005 use of aquifer water coparble to the use of fossil files it is used vastly more quickly then it can recharge so it is effectively nonrenewable

Question 53

The civilian conservation corps

Answer 53

Most popular new deal public works project lasted from 1933-42. massive reforestation conducted planting of 3 billion trees with 800 new parks established across the u.s, many states parks also updated trails and outposts built to in remote areas, unmarked 18-25 year olds men worked for food shelter clothing 30/month of which 25 given to parents. this increases american enthusiasm for nature and conservation, it greatly increased the size of us park system made parks more accessible to all at least all whits

Question 54

TVA

Answer 54

early 1900s tenesse valley authority was founded in 1933 public support backed them public wanted gov ownership of utilities to avoid price gouging by monopolies. tennesee valley extreme impoverished soil depleted most of good timber had already been cut, ideal location for dams because both irrigation water an electricity direry needed constructed 28 dams from 1933 to present 12 under construction at one time in 1942. it was extremely popular in area with ppl. of all political affiliations as it brought cheap electricity and water controversial elsewhere due to high cost. dams were destroyed by fish and river wildlife pop was response to the great depression and many unnecessary dams were built

Question 55

Noxious new york

Answer 55

Discrepancies between the communities that were hit hardest by the smoke pollution high cases of athsma in the poor nehiberhoods for example the bronx the beginning of campaign surrounded around athsma issues. tray facilities were built bc of the preference of other industry wanted public rather then private trash collection companies. a public company wouldd have more accountability and less abuse. environmental rasim also shows that many movements do not pick up until the issue becomes personal i.e. personal health athsma and trash disposal