Final Info Flashcards by Kallie Hobbs

What is osmolality? And what is normal osmolality?

a measure of the number of osmotically active particles per weight of solution. 300 msm/kg is normal.

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What are the major contributors to osmolality of extracellular fluid under normal conditions?

Sodium, Chloride, Bicarb, Potassium are 94%

Urea and glucose are 4%

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What things cause hyperosmolality of a serum?

Increased concentrations of one or more solutes, example hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, increased BUN

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What is hyperosmolar syndrome?

A clinical syndrome that is most frequently observed in animals with a measured osmol of greater than 350, see neuro signs.

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What are some things that cause an increased Osmolal gap?

Increase in unmeasured solutes in the blood, IV mannitol infusion, IV radiographic contrast agents, ethanol, methanol, Ethylene glycol

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What is hypo-osmolality? What are animals that have ho always?

They are always hyponatremic, you can see with dehydration if it happens to rapidly you can see intravascular hemolysis.

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What three things do blood gas analyzers measure?

pH, pC02, pO2

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What is a normal pO2 range? what are the names for above and below?

80 to 100, above is hyperoxemia, below is hypoxemia

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Measured paO2 is the result of what two processes?

Absorption of O2 from alveolar air, venous admixture

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Can you use paO2 to determine the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?

No, it does not reflect reduced blood oxygen carrying capacity caused by anemias or disorders of hemoglobin.

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What are some of the causes of hypoxemia?

decreased paO2, increased venous admixture, alveolar hypoventilation, increased venous admixture.

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What are two diseases that may affect the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen, but may have a normal paO2?

Carbon monoxide poisning

Methemoglobinemia

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What effects paCo2? What are fluxuations called?

affected by alveolar ventilation, if you see hypocapnia then you have alveolar hypervent, if you have hypercapnia then alveolar hypovent.

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If you see paO2=50 which is hypoxemia
and paC02= 20 which is hypocapnia
What is the diagnosis?

Hypoxemia due to venous admixture

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What is blood pH regulated by?

Adjusting the balance between pCO2 and HCO3

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Increased pCO2 causes

acidemia

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Decreased pCO2 causes

alkalosis

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Increased HCO3 causes

alkalosis

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Decreased HCO3 causes

acidosis

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What is the main clinical value of Total CO2?

Provides a reasonable estimate of bicarb

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What are the four normal components of the anion gap?

Albumin(50%), Phophates, Sulfates, Salts of organic acids

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What are some common reasons for an increased AG?

Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Renal failure
Some toxicities(EG)

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What are some common reasons for a decreased AG?

Hypoalbuminemia

Increased blood cations: hypercalcemia

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What do you see in a secretion acidosis? and what is the normal cause?

Decreased biocarb
Cl WRI or increased
AG WRI

*Loss of bicarb=major cause.

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What do you see in a titration acidosis? what is a normal cause?

Decreased HCO3 Cl WRI AG increased *Things that cause increased unmeasured anions

What are some things that you see in metabolic acidosis? What is the normal cause?

Increased HCO3 Decreased Cl- AG WRI *Almost always loss of gastric or abomassal HCL

What is the primary effect of hypoalbuminemia on the blood?

Decreases AG which increases HCO3

In a mixed metabolic acidosis and alkalosis what do you normally see?

Loss of gain of one anion group, most common is loss of Cl and increased unmeasured

What is the effect of aldosterone on renal excretion of electrolytes?

aldosterone promotes renal excretion of K+ and H+ and retention of Na+ and Cl-

What is in high concentration in the blood and extracellular fluid, in relatively low concentrations in cells, the main contributor to plasma osmolality?

Sodium

What are the major sources of input and loss of Na+

Input is through gastrointestinal absorption, loss is through third space loss, alimentary, cutaneous, and renal

What are the three primary causes of hypernatremia?

Excessive sodium free water loss, excessive sodium intake with restricted water intake, hyperaldosteronism.

Where is most of the bodies potassim located? What can fluxuations cause?

In the cells, can see cardiac function problems.

How does acidemia affect potassium?

Shifts it out of the cells to maintain electroneutrality

How does alkalemia affect potassium?

Shifts K+ into the cells

What are some clinical causes of hypokalemia?

Real and GI loss, alkalemia and insulin treatment

What are some clinical causes of hyperkalemia?

renal failure, ruptured bladder, urethral obstruction, acaedmia, massive tissue necrosis, intravascular hemolysis

What can cause pseudohyperK+

blood sampling artifact

When are changes in serum chloride often seen?

Secondary to changes in serum sodium,

What are the clinical causes of sodium independent changes to serum chloride concentrations?

Vomiting, abomasal loss, hyper salivation in horses, secretion acidosis

What are the most likely causes of hypoalbuminemia?

Decreased hepatic albumin production Increased loss of albumin Overhydration

What is hyperalbuminemia normally caused by?

dehydration

What are the typical clinical signs of hypoalbuminemia?

edema, ascites and hydrothorax

What are the four protein results given on the serum chemistry profile? Which 2 are measured and which 2 are calculated?

Serum total protein= measured Albumin= measured Serum globulins: calculated Albumin/Globulin ratio= calculated

If the albumin concentration is below RI and the A/G ratio is within RI what are some diseases?

Hemorrhage, exudation, PLE

ALT measures what damage?

Hepatocytes

SDH measures what damage?

Hepatocytes

AST measures what damage?

Hepatocytes, Skeletal muscle, Erythrocytes

LDH measures what damage?

Hepatocytes, Skeletal muscle, Erythrocytes

What are the four markers for reduced hepatic biosynthesis?

Glucose, Cholesterol, Albumin, Urea

What are the markers of reduced hepatic clearance?

Serum bilirubin, Serum bile acids, Blood ammonia

What two test screen for cholestasis?

ALP and GGT, also serum concentrations of biliary compounds

What is the leukon response to stress?

Up in WBC, Neutrophils and Monocytes(dogs) | Down in Lymphocytes and Eosinophils

What is the leukon response to inflammation?

Up in WBC, Neutrophils, Monocytes Drop in Eos Lymphocytes=stay same

What is the USG cut off in cats, dogs, horses/cattle that says the renal functional mass is ok?

>1.035 to 1.040 in cats >1.030 in dogs >1.025 in horses/cattle

What is the USG in animals with Renal failure?

1. 008-1.035=cats 1. 008-1.030=dogs 1. 008-1.026=horses/cattle

What are the 3 top causes of impaired urine concentrating ability?

Loss of renal medulla concentration gradient ADH deficiency/resistance Loss of >665 of functional renal mass

What are the two most common signs of renal failure?

Polyuria/decreased concetrating ability | Azotemia

What is hyposthenuria and what does it indicate?

1.001-1.007, shows work by renal tubulues meaning it is not primary renal failire to to decreased funcitonal mass.

What is urine protein concentration used as a primary screening test for?

Glomerular and renal tubular disease

What is the most commonly used diagnostic test for a glomerulopathy?

Urine protein:creatinine ratio

What are some other causes of glucosuria other than diabetes mellitus?

Excitement or stress Acquired proximal renal tubular damage Congenital renal tubular defects Pseudoglucosuria

What species should you never see bilirubinuria in?

Cats

What are some things that can cause positive occult blood?

Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria

Do herbivores have alkaline or acidic urine?

alkaline

Do neonates and carnivores have alkaline or acidic urine?

acidic

Hematuria

>5 RBCs/HPF

Pyuria

>8 WBCs/HPF

What are the markers of reduced hepatic clearance?

Serum bilibrubin, serum bile acids, blood ammonia.

ALP and GGT

Excreated into bile, hepatic synthesis is induced by cholestasis

What are the two forms of ALP in horses, cattle and cats?

Liver ALP: major source in adults is liver | Bone ALP; is the minor source from bone

What ALP form do dogs have that is different?

Corticosteroid induced ALP

What are some of the causes of increased tALP?

Cholestasis, Increased osteoblastic activity(normally in neonates as there is active bone growth)

What is canine specific diseases that cause serum ALP activity?

Cholestatsis Phenobarbital cortisol Increased osteoblastic activity *dogs= best sensitivity

Causes of increased GGT

Cholestasis Biliary hyperplasia Corticosteroid treatments in dogs

Does GGT or ALP have better increased sensitivity for cholestasis?

GGT

What are the biliary compounds that are indicative of cholestasis?

Bilirubin, bile acids

What are the prehapatic causes of hyperbilirubinemia?

hemolysis, internal hemorrhage

What are the hepatic causes of hyperbili?

reduced hepatocytes uptake of unconjugated bilirubin

What are the post hepatic causes hyperbili?

cholestasis

What are the 3 forms of bilirubin that make up serum total bilirubin?

Conjugated or direct, unconjugated, delta-bilirubin

What is something in horses that can cause marked hyperbilirubinemia?

Anorexia

What are serum bile acid concentrations diagnostic for?

Diagnostic test of hepatic insufficiency and protosystemic hepatic shunts.

What is the major use of serum amylase and lipase activity?

Screening test for pancreatitis

When serum amylase activity is >3x the URL what dieases should you think?

pancreatitis

When serum amylase of 3x or less than the URL is indicative of what?

Nothing

Serum lipase activity of >5x the URL has a high suspicion of what?

pancreatitis

Serum lipase activity of up to 100 fold over the URL is associated with what?

Hepatic and pancreatic carcinomas in dogs

TLI has high diagnostic accuracy for what?

exocrine pancreatic insufficency

Serum cyanocobalamin concentrations decrease with?

Malabsorption in the distal small instestin, EPI, intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Final Info Flashcards

(90 cards)