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BIOCHEM > Final Integration of metabolism > Flashcards

Final Integration of metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The basic chemical strategy that governs the metabolism of living organisms are?

A

breakdown of fuel molecules to generate ATP,
reducing power,
building blocks for biosynthesis.

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2
Q

Brain metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

A

fuel reserves: none
Preferred fuel: glucose
Fuel source exported: none

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle resting metabolic profile

A

fuel reserves: glycogen+ protein
Preferred fuel: fatty acid
Fuel source exported: none

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle during exertion metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

A

fuel reserves: none
Preferred fuel: glucose
Fuel source exported: lactate

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5
Q

Heart metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

A

fuel reserves: none
Preferred fuel: fatty acids
Fuel source exported: none

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6
Q

Adipose tissue metabolic profile

A

fuel reserves: triacylglycerol
Preferred fuel: fatty acids
Fuel source exported: fatty acids glycerol

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7
Q

liver metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

A

fuel reserves: glycogen
Preferred fuel: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
Fuel source exported: fatty acids, glucose, ketone bodies

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8
Q

The brain can store glucose and consumes less than 60% of the glucose used by a resting human each day. True or false?

A

false- The brain lacks defined fuel stores of its own and requires a continuous supply of glucose, consuming about 60% of the glucose used by a resting human each day

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9
Q

The brain in a low aerobic organ. T or F

A

false

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10
Q

During starvation, ketone bodies produced in the liver help brain tissue compensate for the lack of glucose in the blood. TorF

A

true

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11
Q

Fatty acids are not used by the brain for energy production T or F

A

true

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12
Q

During long periods of rest, the muscle prefers glucose. True or false

A

false- fatty acids are more preferred

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13
Q

in active muscle tissue, the rate of glycolysis far exceeds that of the TCA cycle T or F?

A

true

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14
Q

What is the liver’s role for when the muscle produces excess pyruvate?

A

pyruvate is converted into lactate then transported into the liver and converts it back to glucose

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15
Q

When are amino acids used for energy?

A

utilized for energy only during long-term exertion (even starvation)

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16
Q

How is alanine produced in muscle tissue related to liver?

A

during muscle protein breakdown, is also effectively transported to the liver and converted back into glucose

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17
Q

why is the liver function essential to muscle cells?

A

A functional liver is essential to muscle physiology because muscle cells lack a

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18
Q

the heart is highly aerobic meaning it will produce lactate. true or false?

A

False

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19
Q

The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of fuels true or false?

A

true

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20
Q

What is the major fuel reserve for an animal?

A

Adipose tissue

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21
Q

esterification of fatty acids to form triacylglycerols and for the release of free fatty acids are specialized for what organ?

A

Adipose tissue

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22
Q

How do adipose tissues receive dietary lipids?

A

In the form of Chylomicrons

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23
Q

How are newly synthesized lipids that come the liver packaged?

A

VLDL

24
Q

The liver serves as the metabolic hub of the body and is function is essential to provide adequate fuel only for the brain T or F

A

False - provides fuel for brain, muscle, and other peripheral tissue

25
Q

The fasting state the liver produce what type of bodies?

A

Ketone bodies

26
Q

Can the liver consume ketone bodies?

A

No

27
Q

The liver can take up all fuels true or false?

A

false cannot take up ketone bodies

28
Q

what is the medium of transport of hormonal signals from one tissue to another?

A

Blood

29
Q

the human circulatory system has developed so that the portal vein from digestive tract lastly encounters the liver tissue T or False

A

false- encounter first so the liver has first access to important metabolites

30
Q

In animals, blood glucose levels must be maintained within narrow limits. Under normal conditions the brain meets its energy requirements by using glucose. In humans the normal level of glucose in the blood is 4.4 mM (~80 mg/100 ml). This level might rise to 6.6 mM after a meal. what is done to regulate these levels ?

A

The liver plays a central role in glucose homeostasis (a constant level of glucose in the blood) as well as hormones

31
Q

what are the three major hormones that are used in regulation of fuel metabolism

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Epinephrine (shorter-lived effects)
32
Q

High blood glucose levels stimulate the release of what hormone and from where?

A

insulin
pancreas

33
Q

Blood glucose levels drop

A

low blood glucose stimulates the release of glucagon to liver

34
Q

describe the opposing roles of insulin and glucagon in metabolism

A

Insulin sends signal in the fed state meanwhile glucagon is in the starved state.

35
Q

Insulin signals the fed state and promotes:

A
  1. Uptake of fuels into some cells
  2. Storage of fuel (lipids and glycogen)
  3. Biosynthesis of macromolecules (proteins and
    nucleic acids)
36
Q

The main target of glucagon is the?

A

liver -where it raises the levels of cAMP to activate glucose production

37
Q

what is glucagons role in adipose tissue?

A

glucagon increases the mobilization of triacylglycerols to yield fatty acids and glycero

38
Q

Unlike insulin or glucagon, epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla in response to

A

low blood glucose levels

39
Q

are the effects of epinephrine short or long-lived?

A

short

40
Q

epinephrine can “override” insulin for long periods of time true or false?

A

false only short periods

41
Q

All organisms must balance the ingestion and absorption of fuel molecules with the metabolism and storage of these nutrients to meet long-term and immediate energy needs. Maintenance of this balance is called?

A

Energy homeostasis

42
Q

how is AMPK activated ?

A

activated by a high AMP/ATP ratio (in other words low energy).

43
Q

Once AMPK is activated it leads what production and inhibition of what

A

initiates signaling pathways that lead to ATP production and inhibit pathways that utilize ATP

44
Q

mTor (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) is inactive under nutrient-rich conditions and active in nutrient-poor conditions

A

False- mTor (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) is active under nutrient-rich conditions and inactive in nutrient-poor conditions

45
Q

describe proliferative metabolism

A

If nutrients are abundant then cells take up the fuels and metabolize them through glycolysis. Rapid also inefficient

46
Q

When nutrients are scarce, cells adapt to a …….. metabolism. Unicellular organisms then rely primarily on oxidative metabolism

A

Starvation metabolism

47
Q

proliferative metabolism are examples of

A

unicellular metabolism

48
Q

in a multicellular organism if food is abundant and it decides to go through proliferative metabolism. what conditions are placed?

A

Growth hormone presence

49
Q

in a multicellular organism if food is abundant it decides to go through quiescent metabolism. what conditions are placed?

A

no growth hormone signal

50
Q

The brain receives information about

A

the quality and quantity of nutrients being consumed
the levels of fuel already present in the blood
the amounts of energy present in various storage reserves in the
body

51
Q

There are four principal endocrine regulators of food intake what are they

A

Leptin and insulin inhibit food intake
Ghrelin and adiponectin promote food intake

52
Q

Which hormones activate hypothalamic AMPK

A

activated by ghrelin and adiponectin

53
Q

AMPK where/when are they synthesized

A

adipocytes & stomach cells
low levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)

54
Q

low levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) stimulate the activation of

A

hypothalamic AMPK

55
Q

Which hormones activate mTOR ?

A

insulin or leptin

56
Q

mTOR where/when are they synthesized?

A

pancreas
adipocytes
response to ample nutrient levels.

57
Q

describe how the human body adapts to starvation

A

When they are in starvation mode the body moves to ketone glucose production to produce glucose and lowers the intake of protein degradation. with no muscles our body would die

BIOCHEM (5 decks)

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