Final Key Terms

Question 1

the standard story

Answer 1

Pfaff

why prison populations have continued to grow despite falling crime rates since the 1990s
1. war on drugs
2. trends in violent/property crimes relatively unimportant in accounting for mass incarceration
3. longer sentences
4. criminal justice system being a coherent entity with identifiable goals
5. politics of crime uniquely dysfunctional with American politics

Question 2

moral hazard

Answer 2

Pfaff

lack of incentives to guard against risk in situations where one is protected from its consequences

Question 3

black box

Answer 3

Pfaff

something that can be viewed only in terms of inputs/outputs without knowledge of internal workings

Question 4

cultural evolution

Answer 4

Botsman

theory that all societies develop in a unilinear pattern over time, progressing from savagery to barbarism and culminating in civilisation

Question 5

extraterritoriality

Answer 5

Botsman

immunities enjoyed by foreign actors/entities from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are present

Question 6

orientalism

Answer 6

Botsman

certain narratives, stories, discourses, representations and fantasies that circulate in the West about the East

Question 7

legal financial obligations (LFOs)

Answer 7

Beckett & Harris

fees, fines and restitution orders imposed by courts and other criminal justice agencies on persons accused of crimes

Question 8

marking (Kohler-Haussman)

Answer 8

official state stamp on the defendant which designates something about their participation in the criminal justice system

Question 9

procedural hassle

Answer 9

Kohler-Haussman

delaying, engaging or compelling the defendant to conform to institutional demands of the court

Question 10

performance

Answer 10

Kohler-Haussman

requirement that the defendant discharge some duties, assigned tasks, program activity or therapeutic undertaking

Question 11

marking (Pager)

Answer 11

official credential qualifying someone for social discrimination and exclusion

Question 12

negative credential

Answer 12

Pager

situation where institutions certify individuals as being a particular class with an implied social status

Question 13

torture tree

Answer 13

Ralph

metaphor demonstrating how each process results in individual acts of police force as egregious as the police torture cases in Chicago as well as everyday minimal interactions experienced as coercive between ordinary people and police that become an inevitability
- leaves as incidents of police force, branches as police officers, trunk as the use-of-force continuum, roots as the culture of fear/threat

Question 14

use-of-force continuum

Answer 14

Ralph

guidelines that the police are supposed to abide by when deploying force in a particular encounter with a civilian

Question 15

open secret

Answer 15

Ralph

delicate institutional tangle between judges, police officers, prosecutors, government officials where individuals choose to remain silent

Question 16

black box

Answer 16

Ralph

tacit agreement among police officers to stop trying to understand how and why torture is taking place in their precinct
- also literal black box in play in the torture of Wilson and other victims

Question 17

the symbiotic relationship

Answer 17

Ralph

mutually beneficial and close relationship between the US military and domestic police forces

Question 18

militarisation of the police/policification of the military

Answer 18

Ralph

how PDs and officers draw from and pattern themselves after the military/how military draw from domestic techniques and strategies of policing while working abroad

Question 19

secrecy

Answer 19

Ralph

central means for controlling information in contemporary societies

Question 20

the American philosophy of guilt

Answer 20

Ralph

idea that in the US, not about what you did but who you are which makes you a bad person and guilty

Question 21

structural violence

Answer 21

De Leon

type of violence committed when a social structure/institution harms people by preventing them from fulfilling basic needs

Question 22

state of exception

Answer 22

De Leon

process whereby sovereign authorities declare emergencies in order to suspend the legal protections afforded to individuals while simultaneously unleashing the power of the state upon them in the name of public good

Question 23

space of exception

Answer 23

De Leon

physical/political locations where an individual’s rights and protections under law can be stripped away upon entrance

Question 24

hybrid collectif

Answer 24

De Leon

accounts for both human and non-human agency that comes together to produce agency for a particular act which may or may not be directly attributable to human agency

Question 25

necroviolence

Answer 25

De Leon

violence performed and produced through the specific treatment of corpses that is perceived to be offensive, sacrilegious or inhumane by the perpetrator, the victim (and their cultural group) or both

Question 26

containment (exclusion) zone

Answer 26

Mitchell

neighbourhoods where problematic street behaviours are allowed to occur/concentrate

Question 27

annihilation of space by law

Answer 27

Mitchell

vast array of legal mechanisms aimed at making those left behind by broader neoliberal structural-economic changes since the 1970s disappear from urban landscapes

Question 28

landscape

Answer 28

Mitchell

scene in which the property classes express “possession” of the land and their control over the social relations within it

Question 29

complaint-oriented services

Answer 29

Herring

shelters which address the interests of residents, businesses and politicians rather than the needs of the unhoused

Question 30

coercion

Answer 30

Hoppe

restricting the liberty of a person/group of people in the interest of protecting/promoting the public’s health

Question 31

punishment

Answer 31

Hoppe

specifically intended to punish wrongdoing

Question 32

regulation and persuasion

Answer 32

Hoppe

new set of methods/techniques/policy rubric that starts in the latter part of the 20th century associated in particular with the 1970s neoliberal turn

Question 33

moralisation of risk

Answer 33

Hoppe

how our culture moralises certain choices and not other ones, with risk being socially constructed
- component of our culture where to be a good person, you have to live your life based on calculations mitigating risk and avoiding harm

Question 34

fetal personhood

Answer 34

Goodwin

specific moral claim that foetuses and fertilised embryos are persons and should have the same legal protection as children