Final Key Terms

Question 1

Aphasia

Answer 1

a language deficit following brain damage

Question 2

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 2

main problem is with production, especially with syntax
aware of problem

Question 3

Wernicke’s Aphasia

older man in video from lecture

Answer 3

main problem is with mapping non-linguistic concepts to linguistic forms
not aware of problem

Question 4

Conduction Aphasia

Answer 4

maintaining phonological information

Question 5

Broca’s area

Answer 5

production; sequence words and generates syntax

Question 6

Wernicke’s area

Answer 6

comprehension; stores links between sound and meaning

Question 7

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)

downward

Answer 7

slow decline in language processing abilities

Question 8

neuroplasticity

Answer 8

ability of the brain to reorganize functions to different areas

Question 9

Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)

brain area in temperal lobe

Answer 9

Brain area in temporal lobe that responds to visual presentations of words and pseudowords

Question 10

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

Answer 10

Semantic type-characterized by fluent speech but lexical retrieval and/or comprehension deficits

Question 11

Prosody

Answer 11

pattern of stress, intonation, rhythm

Question 12

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 12

uses powerful magnetic fields to align atoms forming neutral tissue
produces high resolution image of the structure of the brain

Question 13

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Answer 13

measures the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal throughout the brain because oxygenated blood have different magnetic properties

Question 14

Prescriptive grammar

Answer 14

proper” rules taught in school and used in formal writing

Question 15

Descriptive grammar

Answer 15

underlying rules and patterns behind normal use of language; not explicitly taught

Question 16

Syntax

Answer 16

the system of rules that govern how words in sentences relate to one another

Question 17

Syntactic Parsing

Answer 17

the mental process of determining how words in sentences relate to one another

Question 18

Globally ambiguous sentences

Answer 18

meaning remains ambiguous, even at the end of the sentence; sentence can be interpreted in more than one way

Question 19

Temporarily ambiguous sentences

Answer 19

meaning is ambiguous at some point in the sentence, but the ambiguity is resolved by the end of the sentence

Question 20

Disambiguating point

Answer 20

word at which the correct syntactic interpretation of the sentence becomes clear

Question 21

Garden Path Sentence

Answer 21

Sentences that are easily misunderstood even though they are grammatical because of temporary ambiguity

Question 22

Immediacy Principle

Answer 22

interpretation is incremental (happening little by little)

Question 23

Parallel

Answer 23

consider multiple interpretations at a time

Question 24

Serial

Answer 24

can only consider one interpretation at a time (one structure at a time)

Question 25

incremental

Answer 25

one word at a time

Question 26

Minimal attachment

Answer 26

build the structure with the fewest nodes (i.e. the simplest structure) - count the “branches” in the structure tree

Question 27

Late Closure

Answer 27

attach incoming words to the phrase currently being processed

Question 28

Bilingualism

Answer 28

the use of two or more languages (or dialects) in everyday life

Question 29

declarative

Answer 29

knowing facts, data, events

Question 30

procedural

Answer 30

knowing how to do things

Question 31

Classroom instruction

Answer 31

usually conducted in L1 or combo; explicit teaching of rules

Question 32

immersion

Answer 32

entirely in L2; implicit learning of rules

Question 33

Miniature artificial language

Answer 33

similar to natural languages but with a small vocabulary and few rules

Question 34

Cumulative Semantic interference

Answer 34

occurs when lots of related words have to be named in succession because they compete with one another for selection

Question 35

Distributed Conceptual Feature

Answer 35

Word meanings are more accurately represented as a distributed network of nodes and links

Question 36

Grecian Maxims

Answer 36

"rules" for conversation

Question 37

quality (maxim)

Answer 37

tell the truth, backed by evidence

Question 38

quantity (maxim)

Answer 38

say enough information but not too much

Question 39

relevance (maxim)

Answer 39

stick to the topic of conversation

Question 40

manner (maxim)

Answer 40

be clear, straightforward, and orderly

Question 41

Cohesion

Answer 41

sentences are related according to linguistic convention

Question 42

Coherence

Answer 42

sentences are related to conceptually, via an overarching theme

Question 43

writing system

Answer 43

set of scripts

Question 44

alphabetic

Answer 44

letters represent phonemes

Question 45

syllabary

Answer 45

graphemes represent syllables

Question 46

logographic

Answer 46

graphemes represent morphemes

Question 47

script

Answer 47

a system for writing a language

Question 48

Shallow orthography

Answer 48

about 1:1 grapheme to phoneme correspondence Every letter represents a sound and every sound is represented by a single letter

Question 49

Deep orthography

Answer 49

complicated system of grapheme to phoneme correspondence Many letters may represent the same sound (ex: /s/ goes with “s” and “c” The same letter can represent many sound (ex: “c” can be pronounced /s/, /k/, or as part of /ch/)