Final Key Terms

Question 1

Affective vs. Ideological Polarization

Answer 1

affective: heightened emotional animosity toward the political outgroup
ideological: divergence in opinions or policy stances

Question 2

Agenda-setting (presidential, congressional, and media)

Answer 2

Presidential: news coverage focal point, coverage is not controlled
Congress: local and national, local decrease, to get national need big stunts

Question 3

Apophenia

Answer 3

backpack faces; if someone tells you to look for things you see it more

Question 4

Bully Pulpit

Answer 4

a prominent public position (such as a political office) that provides an opportunity for promote one’s views, fire side chats FDR

Question 5

Communication goals of the President and/ or Congress

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values

Question 7

Conspiracy Theories

Answer 7

attempts to explain an event as a secret plot by a covert group of powerful actors

Question 8

Echo chambers & Filter bubbles

Answer 8

A filter bubble or ideological frame is a state of intellectual isolation that can result from personalized searches, recommendation systems, and algorithmic curation.

Question 9

Fake News (definitions and types)

Answer 9

fake news: information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent

misinformation: false info that is held or spread regardless of intent

disinformation: false info that is spread wit the intent to mislead

Question 10

‘Going Public’ vs. the ‘Inside Game’

Answer 10

presidential tactic, using news coverage, speechmaking, and press conferences

Question 11

Low Choice vs. High Choice media system

Answer 11

high choice: abundant amount of media options increasing polarization

Question 12

Horse race journalism

Answer 12

When journalists covering elections focus primarily on who’s winning or losing instead of policy issues
consequences:
* Distrust in politicians.
* Distrust of news outlets.
* An uninformed electorate.
* Inaccurate reporting of opinion poll data
* effect voter turn out

Question 13

Young’s “Three Cs”

Answer 13

(Comprehension,
Control, Community)

Question 14

Judicial censorship

Answer 14

information of judicial proceedings is least covered, and gives them the most freedom

Question 15

Mean-world Syndrome

Answer 15

belief that world is in worser state than it is

Question 16

Media changes over time (e.g. technological, regulatory, local vs. national)

Question 17

Media effects (e.g. Framing, Priming, and Agenda Setting)

Question 18

Media trust (e.g. definition, decline, and effects)

Answer 18

A trusts B to do X, trust in media declining, media influences our trust in others

Question 19

Misinformation vs. Disinformation

Answer 19

the intent behind the spreading, mis (no intent), dis (intent to mislead)

Question 20

Mistrust vs. Distrust

Answer 20

skepetism vs lack of trust

Question 21

Motivated reasoning

Answer 21

Kahan (2013), you find the answers you are looking to find, math solutions and gun control

Question 22

Negative campaigning

Question 23

Negativity bias

Answer 23

Tendency to focus on negative information

Question 24

Political cynicism

Question 25

Presidential messaging (News Coverage, Speech Making, Press Conferences)

Answer 25

News Coverage – attention, but not control Speechmaking – control, but maybe no attention Press Conferences – high risk, but also a way to frame / agenda set

Question 26

“Publicity Seeking”

Answer 26

Congress; stunt based, looking for media attention

Question 27

Selective exposure

Answer 27

We can very easily select what we want to consume

Question 28

The Media and Institutions (the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court)

Question 29

Traditional, New, and social media

Question 30

Young’s “Three Cs” (Comprehension, Control, Community)

Answer 30

Why we believe in conspiracies Comprehension – We want to make sense of our world Control – We want to have some control over our world Community – We want to be part of a social group