FINAL KEY TERMS

Question 1

Princeps

Answer 1

“first citizen.” a bland, informal term for the emperor. Augustus portrays himself as one of the people rather than as an authoritarian figure.

Question 2

First Settlement (27 BCE)

Answer 2

Marks the creation of the principate. the senate gave Octavian a series of honors, namely the name “Augustus.” Senate also granted him control of Spain, Gaul, Syria, Cyprus, Cilicia, Egypt for 10 years. Authority to delegate responsibility of those provinces to other officials. Would cont. to be reelected consul.

Question 3

Second Settlement (23 BCE)

Answer 3

occurs after Augustus’ near-death illness. he needed to more carefully define his power. he puts down the consulship immediately. his imperium was made greater, and he took the power of tribune.

Question 4

tribunicia potestas (tribunician power)

Answer 4

power of a tribune. Augustus took this without office. it added little to his overall authority, but it made him sacrosanct & allowed him to summon the senate & impose a veto. it also portrayed him as a protector of ordinary citizens, so it was a power that he emphasized heavily. by contrast, attention was never drawn to his “maius imperium.”

Question 5

imperium proconsulare maius

Answer 5

“power like that of a consul but greater.” official, legal authority over any other consul or provincial governor. had to be renewed every 10 years.

Question 6

pax deorum

Answer 6

“the peace of the gods.” was maintained by priests & officeholders. essential to the well-being of the Roman community & state.

Question 7

Prima Porta Augustus

Answer 7

posthumous statue. symbolizes Augustus’ strength, military strength, divine status. his breastplate is a complex display of propaganda. it’s an idealized version of Augustus –> the “ideal” male form w/ a baby face.

Question 8

Orthopraxy

Answer 8

correct conduct. practice & ritual. ex: marriage was a ritual. it had to be conducted / carried out properly in order for it to be considered viable.

Question 9

Ludi saeculares

Answer 9

the secular games. public games/celebrations to mark the commencement of a new generation. gods like Apollo and Diana were worshipped.

Question 10

imperial court

Answer 10

the central government of the Roman empire. decisions were made within the emperor’s inner circle.

Question 11

imperial cult

Answer 11

the veneration of emperors and their families as divine. “divi filius.” Augustus discouraged cults that seemed too closely tied to his persona. propaganda, image dissemination –> affiliations w/ the divine.

Question 12

genius

Answer 12

spirit

Question 13

numen

Answer 13

divinity, divine power

Question 14

verism

Answer 14

emphasizes the real qualities that people have rather than promoting the idealistic. The veristic portraiture of the Republic turns into idealistic portraiture in the Principate (Augustus is always portrayed as young.)

Question 15

clementia

Answer 15

the burning of letters that show support for the rebel side

Question 16

crimen maiestatis

Answer 16

“treason.” ex: writing things that the emperor does not approve of

Question 17

titulature

Answer 17

method of naming monarchs/leaders; revealed a lot about one’s lineage/what they want to be perceived as.

example: Vespasian’s official titulature
Titus Flavius Vespasianus –> Imperator Caesar Augustus Vespasianus

It transformed Vespasian from a nobody to a somebody - omits the Flavianus name & replaces it with a direct connection to both Caesar and Augustus

Question 18

lex de imperio Vespasiani

Answer 18

solidified Vespasian’s power in law; institutionalized the Principate –> the emperor’s authority was no longer nebulous. It now consists of defined powers & honors. Custom –> law

Formal legal powers are one way in which Vespasian legitimized his rule. This official Senate decree & the vote of the people solidified his legal power, as did military success and appealing to Augustan precedent

Question 19

lex Malacitana

Answer 19

granted free-born persons the privileges of Roman citizenship; the city of Malaca was governed under this law; was one of the laws that formed the Flavian municipal law

Question 20

Malaca

Answer 20

city in southern Spain; federated with the Roman Empire during the reign of Domitian; thereafter governed by its own municipal code, the Lex Malacitana

Question 21

lex Irnitana

Answer 21

building regulations within a municipal charter; inscribed on a collection of 6 bronze tablets

Question 22

Latin right

Answer 22

When a town received municipal status, its inhabitants received the Latin right. It is essentially Roman citizenship without the vote

Question 23

dominus

Answer 23

master, lord

Question 24

damnatio memoriae

Answer 24

condemnation of memory; erasing all traces and heritage of a person - often senators or the emperors themselves - considered dishonourable by the people or by their political enemies.

Gaius (Caligula) & Nero & Domitian

Question 25

peculium

Answer 25

property/money that could be used by the slaves even though it was not entirely theirs --> allowed the slaves to buy their freedom

Question 26

patronage

Answer 26

relationship of dependence/obligation that a client and/or a freedperson was supposed to continue after manumission

Question 27

Italica

Answer 27

First Roman city in Spain; many migrants went there

Question 28

alimentary scheme

Answer 28

founded by Nerva; an allowance for feeding children

Question 29

Dacian Wars

Answer 29

101-102, 105-106 CE Occurred in the Transylvanian plateau and the Carpathian mountains - rich in gold, silver, iron --> Rome's victories made them rich in gold, silver, and slaves which financed the great Forum of Trajan The success of these wars for Rome spurred Trajan to further expansion

Question 30

Jerusalem Temple

Answer 30

Prior to 70 CE, key elements of Judaism were - monotheism - simple temple in Jerusalem - Torah the Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed by Romans in 70 CE during a seige.

Question 31

Client king

Answer 31

semi-autonomous within the larger empire ex: the Hasmoneans began as client kings.

Question 32

Euergetism

Answer 32

the phenomenon of elite benefaction to towns and communities through voluntary gifts, such as public buildings or endowments for various forms of festival or distribution; essentially the practice of building new cities & public structures with elite Roman aid; Herod is an example

Question 33

Procurator

Answer 33

agent; acted as Augustus' private staff within the provinces; entrusted with assignments in the public domain like handling tax payments, commanding troops, governing.

Question 34

Aelia Capitolina

Answer 34

Hadrian's veterans colony at the site of Jerusalem. This, combined with his prohibition of circumcision, set off the Third Jewish Revolt

Question 35

Fiscus Iudaicus

Answer 35

a tax imposed on Jews in the Roman Empire after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in 70 CE

Question 36

Syria Palestina

Answer 36

formerly Judaea

Question 37

Tannaim

Answer 37

the rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah

Question 38

Mishnah

Answer 38

the oral Torah; the first written collection of Jewish oral traditions

Question 39

Antonine Constitution

Answer 39

212 CE; instituted by Caracalla (Septimius Severus' son); granted Roman citizenship to virtually all free inhabitants of the empire

Question 40

Aurelii

Answer 40

the Aurelians

Question 41

dediticii

Answer 41

the defeated

Question 42

honestiores

Answer 42

the more honorable

Question 43

humiliores

Answer 43

the less honorable

Question 44

longue durée

Answer 44

A perspective on history that extends deep into the past, focusing on the long-standing and imperceptibly slowly changing relationships between people and the world which constitute the most fundamental (and hence the least questioned or analysed) aspects of social life, and incorporating findings from disciplines such as climatology, demography, and physical geography.

Question 45

The Flavian Empire

Answer 45

a fresh start & restoration of stability after Nero; began with Vespasian who was a well-liked emperor Roman imperial power spread throughout the empire. You could be Roman and actually quite far from Rome itself 3 major shifts that mark Flavian dynasty as a turning point 1. Gradual shift in composition of the working class - Non-Italian emperors (Trajan, Hadrian, Severus) 2. Large-scale spread of Roman citizenship throughout the empire - municipium 3. Growing urbanization in western provinces

Question 46

cognitio extra ordinem

Answer 46

A Roman trial procedure; simpler & more efficient than ordinary trials; did not require several judges and lawyers or a jury. It simply required that the party/parties appear before the governor & that he hear the evidence & adjudicate the matter on his own authority ex: Pliny asking people if they were Christians & if they said yes, executing them