Final Lecture: Review

Question 1

Prior stimulation to a receptor does what?

Answer 1

Decreases sensitivity

Question 2

What is the first step in stimulus perception?

Answer 2

Conduction of the stimulus

Question 3

What is the function of the middle ear?

Answer 3

The middle ear improves transmission to the cochlea

Question 4

The auditory nerve projects where?

Answer 4

To the cochlear nucleus

Question 5

The cochlear nucleus projects where?

Answer 5

To the inferior colliculus

Question 6

The inferior colliculus projects where?

Answer 6

To the medial geniculate body of the thalamus

Question 7

The medial geniculate body of the thalamus projects where?

Answer 7

To the primary auditory cortex

Question 8

What do cones provide?

Answer 8

Color discrimination

Question 9

Photoreceptors connect to which type of cell?

Answer 9

Bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells

Question 10

Are nociceptors regarded as sensory receptors?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

What is parallel processing?

Answer 11

Processing of the same modality of information in different areas of the brain

Question 12

What is stream segregation?

Answer 12

Processing of different modalities in different areas of the brain

Question 13

What controls input into the thalamus?

Answer 13

The reticular thalamic nucleus

Question 14

Classical pathways are also referred to as what?

Answer 14

Lemniscal pathways

Question 15

Non-classical pathways are referred to as what?

Answer 15

Extralemniscal pathways

Question 16

Classical pathways use what part of the thalamus?

Answer 16

The ventral thalamus

Question 17

Non-classical pathways use what part of the thalamus?

Answer 17

The dorsal medial thalamus

Question 18

How many modalities do classical pathways process?

Answer 18

One

Question 19

How many modalities do non-classical pathways process?

Answer 19

Multiple

Question 20

What cells lie between photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells?

Answer 20

Bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells

Question 21

Retinal ganglion cells of the classical pathway project from the optic chiasm to what?

Answer 21

The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Question 22

Retinal ganglion cells of the non-classical pathway project from the optic chaism to what?

Answer 22

The Superior colliculus

The Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus

Question 23

Type 1 auditory nerve fibers innervate what?

Answer 23

Inner hair cells

Question 24

Type 2 auditory nerve fibers innervate what?

Answer 24

Outer hair cells

Question 25

Do type 1 auditory nerve fibers converge or branch and diverge on inner hair cells?

Answer 25

Converge

Question 26

Do type 2 auditory nerve fibers converge or branch and diverge on outer hair cells?

Answer 26

Diverge

Question 27

What is the maximum ratio of type 1 auditory nerve fibers to type 2 auditory nerve fibers?

Answer 27

95:5

Question 28

What do cochlear implants stimulate?

Answer 28

The auditory nerve

Question 29

What is the function of the basilar membrane?

Answer 29

To separate sounds based on their frequencies

Question 30

Dermatomes are sections of skin innvervated by what?

Answer 30

Many fibers projecting from one dorsal root

Question 31

What taste is built in and not learned?

Answer 31

Sweet

Question 32

Pheromones activate cells where?

Answer 32

In the vermeronasal organ

Question 33

Where do olfactory bulb projections primarily lead?

Answer 33

The central nucleus of the amygdala

Question 34

Out of all of the senses, which sense is out of place in relation to the thalamus?

Answer 34

Olfaction (because it lacks a thalamic representation)

Question 35

What is the primary function of the superior colliculus?

Answer 35

To provide visual reflexes

Question 36

The frequency selectivity of the basilar membrane is dependent upon what?

Answer 36

The intensity of the sound

Question 37

Where do magnocellular and parvocellular layers reside?

Answer 37

In the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Question 38

Where do taste fibers project?

Answer 38

To the nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 39

What is the short way for sensory systems to reach the amygdala?

Answer 39

Through a direct projection from the dorsal medial thalamus

Question 40

What is the long way for sensory systems to reach the amygdala?

Answer 40

Through the cortex from the primary and association cortices

Question 41

What part of the amygdala do sensory systems project to?

Answer 41

Olfactory: Central nucleus of the amygdala Others: Lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Question 42

What does lateral inhibition do?

Answer 42

It increases contrast

Question 43

How does lateral inhibition work?

Answer 43

By having excitatory and inhibitory impulses enter the same cells

Question 44

Cells organized by frequency are known to be what?

Answer 44

Tonotopically organized

Question 45

What is the hearing threshold?

Answer 45

The intensity at which a response is given 50% of the time

Question 46

What is dark adaption?

Answer 46

The increase in sensitivity resulting from photoreceptors not being stimulated

Question 47

How does dark adaption differ from adaption?

Answer 47

In adaption, stimulation decreases receptor sensitivity | In dark adaption, lack of stimulation increases receptor sensitivity

Question 48

What is the function of outer hair cells?

Answer 48

To act as motors and amplify the movement of the basilar membrane

Question 49

How much can outer hair cells increase the intensity of the a sound by?

Answer 49

50dB

Question 50

What is the papilla?

Answer 50

The area where the optic nerve enters the retina

Question 51

How does the papilla affect vision?

Answer 51

It creates a blindspot in our visual field

Question 52

Why don't we see a blindspot in our visual field?

Answer 52

Our brain fills in the gap

Question 53

What is the basis of color vision?

Answer 53

Spectral sensitivity of trichromatic (R/G/B) cones

Question 54

How is frequency discrimination achieved?

Answer 54

Through the basilar membrane interacting with a transduced sound wave and its time pattern

Question 55

What happens to a cortical system if there is no input?

Answer 55

The idle system will be taken over by an active system (plasticity)

Question 56

What is the sensitivity of a sense affected by?

Answer 56

The intensity and modality of the stimulation

Question 57

Where does the ventral thalamus project?

Answer 57

To primary sensory cortices

Question 58

Where does the dorsal medial thalamus project?

Answer 58

Secondary cortices Association cortices Sub-cortical structures

Question 59

Where do C-fibers in the dorsal horn project?

Answer 59

Lamina II

Question 60

Where do A𝛿-fibers in the dorsal horn project?

Answer 60

Lamina I

Question 61

What is ultra-acoustic emission?

Answer 61

The generation of sound by the cochlea

Question 62

How does ultra-acoustic emission work?

Answer 62

The basilar membrane self-oscillates, mechanical waves are sent backwards to the oval window, through the bones of the inner ear, and to the tympanic membrane which vibrates and generates sound in the ear canal.