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Ex Phys > Final (Lectures 8-10) > Flashcards

Final (Lectures 8-10) Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 main categories of hormones

A

amine, peptide, steroid

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2
Q

Give 2 peptide hormones

A

insulin, growth hormone

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3
Q

Give 2 amine hormones

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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4
Q

Give 2 steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary ways for endocrine gland stimulation

A

hormonal, humoral, neural

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6
Q

What factors influence hormone potency

A

Hormone half-life, binding (carrying) proteins, receptor concentration, receptor affinity, 1st pass effect in the liver, exposure

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7
Q

Endurance trained individuals show ____ rise in growth hormone levels at a given exercise intensity

A

less

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8
Q

What type of training increases the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone secretion

A

resistance training

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9
Q

Are epinephrine and norepinephrine levels higher or lower in trained individuals?

A

Lower

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10
Q

Which organ is cortisol released from

A

adrenal cortex of kidney

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11
Q

True or False: RT in men increases the frequency and amplitude of testosterone secretion, creating a favorable hormonal environment for muscular hypertrophy

A

True

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12
Q

Acute exercise _____ estrogen levels, chronic exercise _____ estrogen levels in women

A

increases; decreases

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13
Q

Under what conditions is testosterone increased

A

high volume training with <1 min rest intervals, heavy RT, activation of large muscle groups

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14
Q

What are two anabolic strategies known to be successful in increasing muscle size and strength

A

progressive resistance training and androgen supplementation

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15
Q

What are some risks of steroid use in men vs women

A

men: decreased sperm count, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia (non-cancerous increase of male breast tissue size)
women: facial hair, voice deepening, menstrual irregularities, clitoral enlargement, decreased breast tissue

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16
Q

How does caffeine improve performance (mechanism)

A

Facilitates use of fat as an exercise fuel instead of using up the body’s limited carbohydrate reserves

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17
Q

What is the proposed direct and indirect mechanisms of caffeine

A

direct: on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues
indirect: by epinephrine which inhibits adenosine receptors on adipocytes –> activates hormone-sensitive lipases to promote lipolysis

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18
Q

Even though caffeine is a potent diuretic, fluid loss is lessened when caffeine is consumed during exercise because:

A

1) catecholamine release in exercise greatly reduces renal blood flow
2) exercise enhances renal solute reabsorption and consequently, water conservation

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19
Q

True or False: Pangamic Acid (B15) increases the cell’s ability to use O2 and reduce lactate build-up

A

False, research has failed to show these purported benefits; illegal to sell

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20
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) can increase which 2 substances by as much as 12%

A

hemoglobin and hematocrit

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21
Q

In what type of foods is L-carnitine found

A

meat and dairy products

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22
Q

What compound facilitates the influx of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix where they enter beta-oxidation during energy metabolism

A

L-carnitine

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23
Q

What foods does creatine come from

A

meat, poultry, fish

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24
Q

What are 2 main suggested roles of creatine supplementation

A

1) delay depletion of creatine phosphate
2) facilitate muscle relaxation and recovery from repeated bouts of intense, brief effort via faster ATP and CrP resynthesis

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25
What substance completely counteracts the ergogenic effect of muscle creatine loading
caffeine
26
Warm up may improve physical performance due to increases in _____ and muscle and core _______.
blood flow; temperature
27
This type of reaction captures energy from the breakdown of energy-rich fuel molecules
catabolic
28
what are the 3 stages of catabolism
1) hydrolysis to simpler building blocks 2) conversion to simple intermediates such as acetyl CoA 3) oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2
29
Name the 3 pathways of ATP production
phosphagen system glycolytic metabolism mitochondrial respiration
30
which pathway is the fastest way to regenerate ATP
phosphagen system (creatine phosphate)
31
what compound does glycolysis start with and what are the important products
begin with glycogen or glucose | products: pyruvate, NADH, ATP
32
what is the only macronutrient whose stored energy generates ATP anerobically
muscle glycogen
33
Does catabolism of CHO for energy or energy generation from fatty acid breakdown occur faster?
catabolism of CHO
34
What do persons with McArdle's Disease not produce
produce minimal or no lactate with exercise
35
What deficiency do persons with McArdle's Disease have
myophosphorylase deficiency
36
Where is 90% of glucose formed? 10%?
90%: liver 10%: kidneys
37
True or False: Glucose can be formed in the muscles
False; muscle lacks a few enzymes required for gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, glucose 6-phosphate)
38
What are the main products of mitochondrial respiration
ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH
39
The production of ATP and water during the electron transport chain is called
oxidative phosphorylation
40
Approximately how many ATP molecules does one 6-carbon glucose yield
36 ATP
41
The breakdown of triacylglycerols by lipases to form glycerol and FFA
lipolysis
42
What is the process of breaking down FFA called
Beta oxidation
43
Approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from beta oxidation
460 ATP
44
What are the main amino acids oxidized in skeletal muscle
isoleucine, leucine, valine, glutamine, glutamate
45
The release of lactate from muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucose
Cori cycle
46
The release of alanine from the muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucose
Alanine cycle
47
The process of combining smaller molecules to form larger molecules using free energy
anabolism
48
What is the conversion of carbohydrates to fat called?
De Novo Lipogenesis
49
Where does De Novo Lipogenesis occur (organ) ?
Liver
50
True or False: Many studies have shown that net DNL is absent or contributes very little to overall fat deposition
True
51
Excess CHO causes ____ of body fat, despite not being ____ to fat
accumulation; converted
52
Can fat be converted into carbohydrates in humans?
No; we only have a pathway to convert carbohydrates to fat but not vice versa
53
What substrate do we utilize predominantly during low-intensity exercise?
lipid
54
What substrate do we utilize predominantly during increased exercise intensity?
CHO
55
When CHO becomes low, which substrates do we increase utilization of?
AAs and lipids
56
What is the Scandanavian regimen for CHO ingestion before exercise? What is the proposed purpose?
taper CHO wk before event --> 3 days before event increase CHO 10% --> no training day before event --> eat final meal 3 hrs before event purpose: maximize glycogen stores in the body after "depriving" body of CHO during tapering phase
57
Which is true: 1) CHO in a drink increases the absorption of H2O by the small intestine 2) A drink's electrolyte content increases CHO delivery to the body
1) CHO in a drink increases the absorption of H2O by the small intestine
58
Which is more beneficial in increasing blood glucose levels during and after exercise, solid or liquid CHO?
both are equally beneficial
59
How is protein in CHO beverage after exercise beneficial?
increases the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis
60
The inability to continue movement or exercise at a given intensity
Fatigue
61
The fatigue response does not occur until creatine phosphate declines to ___ of its original concentration
less than 50%
62
ATP concentrations remain steady or decline minimally during intense exercise to muscular fatigue. However, ADP ___ and CrP ____.
increases; decreases
63
Muscle fibers that are low in glycogen have greater concentration of ____ _____, which indicates increased metabolic strain
inosine monophosphate (IMP)
64
What metabolites increase as muscle metabolism increases and may be implicated in the development of fatigue?
ammonia, lactate, free protons (H+), Pi, ADP, IMP
65
True or False: Increased acidosis elicits a systemic response with increased ventilation and feelings of nausea that may contribute to fatigue via central mechanisms
True
66
What factors contribute to the reduced ability to depolarize and repolarize with repeated intense and rapid contraction?
1. efflux of K+ (impairs ATPases necessary to restore Ca2+) 2. the negativity of lactate 3. diminished neuromuscular function
67
True or False: triglyceride utilization probably does not contribute to fatigue
True
68
What are the 4 stressors associated with exercise
Physiological, environmental, social/psychological, artificial (lab)
69
hormonal regulation of fuel use in exercise; regulation of body fluids during exercise; tissue adaptation to exercise
exercise endocrinology
70
cortisol increases or decreases during acute exercise
increases
71
may decrease protein loss during stress by inhibiting protein catabolism
HMB; some studies show positive effects, others show no effects
72
what does blood doping do
increases RBC count and hemoglobin levels by as much as 8-20%
73
what type of cells is L-carnitine found in
muscle cells
74
which energy system is crucial to the muscle's ability to tolerate increased metabolic demand?
phosphagen system
75
at what intensity is there complete dependence on CHO catabolism
60-85% of VO2 Max
76
where are FFA molecules primarily taken from
the blood
77
does most of our body's fat come from synthesis or diet?
diet
78
the energy provided by creatine phosphate and glycolysis that supplements mitochondrial respiration
oxygen deficit
79
accumulation of acidosis or lactate relates most to muscle and systemic symptoms of fatigue
accumulation of acidosis
80
what are 7 potential fatigue factors
hyperthermia, dehydration, muscle damage, CNS, electrolyte imbalances, decreased muscle glycogen, hypoglycemia
81
what are the 3 types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
82
what are the 3 types of lymphocytes
T cells, NK cells, B cells
83
the study of the interactions of physical, environmental, and psychological factors on immune function
exercise immunology
84
what are the physiological stressors associated with exercise
increased oxygen demand, glucose & lipid consumption, lactate production, physical load on musculoskeletal system
85
what are the environmental stressors associated with exercise
temperature, pressure, humidity, circadian/seasonal variation, pollution
86
what are the social/psychological stressors associated with exercise
personal achievement, competition, parental/peer pressure, financial consequence
87
what are the artificial (lab) stressors associated with exercise
electrical shock, unnatural activity, compulsory participation
88
epinephrine increases or decreases with intensity
increases
89
what is the connection between epinephrine and cytotoxic T and NK cells
Epi is a potent beta-2 adrenergic agonist; cytotoxic T and NK cells have high numbers of beta-2 adrenergic receptors
90
how long does cortisol remain elevated after exercise
2 or more hours
91
what cell action does cortisol inhibit
inhibits T cell proliferation
92
what type of cell number increases with cortisol
increases neutrophil number
93
how much do leukocytes increase up to immediately post-exercise
increase 50-100%
94
how much do NK cells increase immediately post-exercise
150-300%
95
these cells are the initial line of defense against acute and chronic infections
natural killer cells
96
which antigenic markers do NK cells specifically express
CD16, CD56
97
who tend to have higher NK cell activity at rest
athletes than non-athletes
98
after long duration exercise (marathon running), NK cell concentration drops below pre-exercise levels, persisting 2-4 post-exercise
open window hypothesis
99
what is the j-curve and risk of upper respiratory tract infection
sedentary people have an average risk for getting sick, the moderate exerciser has a lower risk for getting sick, very high exercises have a very high risk for getting sick
100
does aerobic exercise or resistance training affect immune function
aerobic exercise
101
a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural changes resulting in fractures
osteoporosis
102
what are the types of osteoporosis
type 1: post menopausal (loss of trabecular bone) | type 2: senile (loss of cortical and trabecular bone)
103
risk factors of osteoporosis
race: caucasian, asian family history female, fair, small boned, short stature, lean sedentary life-style, immobilization, alcohol use, smoking lack of calcium and vitamin D estrogen and androgen deficiency med use: glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, excess thyroids other chronic diseases: diabetes, RA
104
by what age is peak bone mass achieved
age 30
105
how much of bone mass is created by puberty
70%
106
what are the most common sites for fractures
spine, hip, wrist, ribs
107
with osteoporosis, the rate of ____ exceeds the rate of _____
resorption, formation
108
how much bone is loss every year after menopause
1-1.5%
109
what are estrogen's actions to prevent osteoporosis
increases calcitonin levels, inhibiting resorption inhibits parathyroid hormone inhibits IL-6 which activates osteoclasts
110
the greatest osteogenic response
high strains, short duration, site- specific, daily repetitions

Ex Phys (2 decks)

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