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RUSVM LAM I > Final: Liver and Skin > Flashcards

Final: Liver and Skin Flashcards

1
Q

How is cutaneous Habronemiasis treated?

A

Corticosteroids

Ivermectin

NSAIDs (Banamine)

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2
Q

What diet is recommened in a horse recovering from hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Low protein, high carb

Avoid alfalfa

Give branch AAs - beet pulp

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3
Q

T/F: Equine sarcoids are benign tumors since they do not metastasize.

A

False- progressive and invade/destroy surrounding tissue

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4
Q

Where do summer sore lesions occur?

A

Stomach (gastric nodules)

Distal extremities (proud flesh)

Lips

Medial canthus of eye (Dracocytitis)

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5
Q

What are common causes of chronic liver disease in adult horses?

A

Chronic Active Hepatitis - cholangiohepatitis

Cholelithiasis

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/hepatotoxins

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of equine sarcoids? How do the lesions look?

A

Occult: circular area of alopecia

Verrucous: sessile or pedunculated

Noduar: invasive and destructive to adjacent tissue +/- nerve and lymphatic infiltration

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7
Q

What does BUN <10 indicate?

A

Liver dysfunction

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8
Q

Which liver enzme can represent an acute ongoing liver condition? Damage to what is this enzyme associated with?

a. AST/SGOT
b. SDH
c. GGT
d. ALP

A

b. SDH

Parenchymal damage

Note: While very specific, it is too sensitive because even mild trauma causes an increase

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9
Q

What is the histopathological traid of findings in a horse with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?

A

Fibrosis

Bile duct proliferation

Megalocytosis

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10
Q

_________ bilirubin is taken up in the hepatocytes by a cytosolic binding protein.

_________ bilirubin is passed into the intestine via the bile duct.

A

Unconjugated

Conjugated

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11
Q

What infection of the SQ tissues on the limbs causes reluctance to move and severe lameness, prominent limb edema, and possibly fever? It can occur following an injury, trauma or surgery. How is it diagnosed? What is an important rule-out?

A

Equine Staphylococcal Cellulitis

Usually an exclusion diagnosis

Rule out joint infections (BUT DONT TAP JOINT!)

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12
Q

What types of amino acids cross the BBB into the CNS? What increases as a result? What can be given to improve the neurologic state?

A

Aromatic amino acids

Inhibitory neurotransmitters, GABA, L-glutamate

Alterations in catecholamines and monoamine NTs also occur

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13
Q

What drug therapy is indicated for equine staphyloccal cellulitis?

A

Enrofloxacin or Oxytetracycline

NSAIDs

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14
Q

Which live enzyme is useful with chronic liver disease?

a. AST/SGOT
b. SDH
c. GGT
d. ALP

A

c. GGT

Not exclusive to the liver

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15
Q

What liver enzyme is helpful to monitor horses during outbreaks of IAHD?

A

GGT

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16
Q

What is the disorder that causes intra-epidermal acantholysis and intracellualr deposition of immunoglobulins in addition to painful lesions? What is the treatment?

A

Pemphigus foliaceus

Tx= Immunosuppressive therapy

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17
Q

How are aural plaques treated?

A

DO NOT RESOLVE SPONTANEOUSLY

Imiquimod (Aldaran 3M) ($$$$$$$$$$$$)

Cryosurgery (Carefully!!!! Probably only by a trained doc)

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18
Q

You obtain the following histopathological findings from a liver sample:

Infiltration of the portal areas with inflammatory cells

Necrosis and fibrosis in the portal areas

Gram negative enteric bacteria

Grossly the liver is firm, and pale brown- greenish

Is this more consistent with IAHD or Chronic Active Hepatitis?

A

Chronic Active Hepatitis

IAHD liver is a dishrag w/cell necrosis, accumulation of mononuclear and neurtrophils, and bile duct proliferation

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19
Q

What is the treatment protocol for ring worm?

A

Topical ketoconazole shampoo

Anti-inflammatory meds (topical (hydrocortizone) or systemic (Banamine))

Systemic griseofulvin (only if you really need it)

Disinfect the equiptment on the farm

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20
Q

Where do you find the liver when using US? Where do you take a US - guided biopsy?

A

Right side caudal to lungs, in 6-14th ICS

Very good modality

Biopst at 14th ICS at intersection of line drawn from tuber coxae to point of shoulder, direct needke toward diaphragm

Do coag panel first

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21
Q

What class of photosensitization is hepatogenous? What porphyrins is associated with this?

A

Type III

Phylloerythrin

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22
Q

What is Swamp Cancer and where do lesions occur? How do the lesions look?

A

Pythium insidiosum (Pythiosis)

Limbs, abdomen, neck, and lips

Dense granulation tissue with masses of yellow-gray necrotic tissue; can have calcifications as cores in fistulas (Kunkers)

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23
Q

Why are bile acids a good indicator for liver disease?

A

Levels increase with liver disease (especially acute), but are not affected by fasting or poor appetite

They increase within 24-48hours of disease onset

Normal serum BA can rule out significant liver disease

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of acute hepatitis and hepatic failure in horses? What viral disease does it present like? What has it been linked to? Who is at risk?

A

Idiopathic Acute Hepatic Disease/IAHD

Theiler’s Disease (TDAV)

Use of tetanus antitoxin (TAT) - but any equine serum product can induce it potentially

At risk= Broodmares 1-3 months post-partum

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25
Q

What is bromsuphalein dye used for?

A

To test liver excretory function

26
Q

What form of bilirubin increases if the bile duct is blocked?

A

Both conjugated and unconjugated

27
Q

What type of fluid do you expect when you do an abdominocentesis in a horse with liver disease?

A

Modified transudate (high protein, >3g/dl)

28
Q

How long do you need to ice a horse’s legs to prevent laminitis?

A

48 hours

29
Q

Name some plants that can cause Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

A

Senecio

Crotalaria

Heliotropium, Amsinckia, Echium, Cynoglossum, and Trichodesma

30
Q

Foals born in which months are more likely to develop Tyzzer’s Disease?

A

March and April

31
Q

What is the chemotherapy for SCCs? Where do they occur?

A

Intra-lesional cisplatin

Eyelids, third eyelids, penis, sheath

32
Q

What form of liver disease causes cutaneous lesions such as moist exfoliative dermatitis and necrotic leathery skin at the coronary band and skin?

A

Chronic Active Hepatitis

May be the main sign indicating this disease until you get histo path results

33
Q

What disorder caused by M.equinum and T.verrucosum causes alopecia in affected areas and circular lesions on the face and axillary reigion that then spread to the trunk?

A

Dermatophytosis (Ring worm)

34
Q

What virus causes papillomas in horses? What are the treatment options?

A

BOVINE papilloma virus 1-10

Tx:

Crush, pinch off, or surgically remove warts

Cryosurgery

Autogenous vaccine

35
Q

T/F: With rain rot, the lesions can be palpated before they can be seen.

A

True

36
Q

What is the triad of clinical signs in adult horses with cholelithiasis?

A

Colic

Pyrexia

Icterus

37
Q

What disorder affecting Quarter Horses (and related breeds) is caused by a mutation in procollagen I N-prontinease? What part of the body is affected and how does it present?

A

Hereditary equine regional asthenia (HERDA)

Skin on neck and back - easily torn or stretched, often develop sermonas or hematomas, heal with significant scarring

Cornea- ulcers

38
Q

What horses get equine melanoma? Where on the body do lesions occur (name a few)?

A

Gray horses

Ventral tail, perineum, external genitalia, lip, udder, periocular

39
Q

What clotting factors are produced in the liver?

A

I, II, V, VII, IX, X

(1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10)

40
Q

What organisms tend to be cultured in cases of cholelithiasis?

A
  • Bacteriodes vulgtus*
  • E.coli*
41
Q

Why can hepatotoxity occur in foals being treated for neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Iron accumulation occurs in the liver due to repeated blood transfusions

42
Q

How is cholelithiasis medically treated?

A

Broad-spectrum AMs

Fluids

Anti-inflammatories

DMSO

Dietary mgmt

43
Q

You get this from an impression smear from a dorsal crusty skin lesion on a horse. What is your diagnosis? What is the treatment?

A

Dermatophilosis (rain rot)

Tx:

  1. Remove from wet envrionment

2. Carefully remove all crusts

  1. Wash with ionophores (rinse well or risk skin irritation) or lime sulfur
  2. Antimicrobial therapy (only if needed)
44
Q

What subtle non-specific clinical signs are associated with hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Frequent yawning

Abnormal behavior

Apparent blindness (aimless wandering)

Foot stomping

Head pressing, circling, seizures

45
Q

What is the agent that causes Tyzzer’s Disease? What horses are affected?

A

Clostridium piliformis

Foals 7-14 days old

46
Q

What does pre-colostral iron fumarate injections cause in foals?

A

Hepatic failure

47
Q

T/F: Vitamin K3 should be given to horses with liver disease.

A

False, NEVER K3 because it causes renal failure

Can give K1 though

48
Q

What tumor, that is very common in horses, is locally agressive, non-regressing, and fibroblastic affecting the dermis and SQ?

A

Equine sarcoids

49
Q

What oral medication can be used to treat equine melanomas?

A

Cimetidine (PO q16 weeks)

50
Q

Should you biopsy a suspected sarcoid?

A

Yes

51
Q

What is hepsidin?

A

Liver-produced hormone that regulates iron distribution in the body

Decreases absorption of iron from intestine and sequesters circulating iron in phagocytes (WBCs that engulf bacteria)

52
Q

What is the best sample to send for culture when you suspect pythiosis? What is the main Ddx?

A

Kunkers

Habronemiasis/summer sores

53
Q

What are the 3 major skin layer (from outer to inner)?

A

Epidermis (has glands)

Dermis (has fair follicles and sweat glands)

Subcutis

54
Q

What is the best way to diagnose cholelithiasis? What part of the liver are most choleliths seen in?

A

Ultrasound

Most found in cranioventral part of right hepatic lobe

  • Hepatomegaly and bile duct dilation*
  • Hyperechoic liver*
  • Hyperechoic stones casting acoustic shadows*
55
Q

What does increased fibrinogen with liver disease indicate? What about low fibrinogen?

A

High= Inflammation (hepatitis)

Low= Liver failure

56
Q

You submit a skin biopsy and it reveals multifocal areas of abnormally staining collagen surrounded by granulomatous inflammation containing eosinophils, lymphoctes and histocytes. What is your top ddx?

A

Eosinophilic granuloma

Can be caused by silicone-coated hypodermic needles (so use non-disposable needles for IM injections)

57
Q

What can you give to treat abnormal behavior in horses with liver disease? What should you avoid?

A

Give xylazine

Avoid diazepam

Give glucose IV

Maybe give flumazenil (benzo antagonist)

58
Q

What are the 3 conditions that must be present for dermatophilosis (rain rot) to occur?

A

Carrier animal

Moisture

Skin abrasion

59
Q

What aspect of the animal is commonly affected when they get Dermatophilus congolensis?

A

Dorsal

(this is Rain Rot)

60
Q

What horses develop Chronic Progressive Lymphedema? How does it present?

A

Draft horses

Starts early in life and progresses with swelling, hyperkeratosis, and fibrosis of the skin on the distal limbs (often ends in disfigurement and disability of the limb)

61
Q

What drug can be given to prevent bridging fibrosis in the liver?

A

Colchine

62
Q

What disease, common in California, causes single or multiple abscesses or nodules with draining tracts in the pectoral region?

A

Equine Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis /Pigeon Fever

RUSVM LAM I (19 decks)

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