Final material

Question 1

___________ is considered electromagnetic radiation (EMR), a form of energy described with both wave and particle properties.

Answer 1

Light

Question 2

_______consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields (perpendicular to one another) that travel linearly through space at a constant speed. In a vacuum, the speed of light is 2.99792x108 m/s … but for simplicity, we’ll use 3.00x108 m/s

Answer 2

EMR

Question 3

The wave properties of light are described by its ______________________. There is a constant and inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength defined by the speed of light, c.

Answer 3

frequency (ν), wavelength (λ), and amplitude (A e)

Question 4

c = _______, where wavelength is in meters and frequency is in s-1 (the Hertz unit is 1/s). The wave number, ̅ 𝜐𝜐, is defined as 1/λ and is usually in units cm

Answer 4

λν

Question 5

The energy of a light wave or particle (photon) is defined using Planck’s constant(h), where h = 6.626x10-34 J·s

Answer 5

6.626x10-34

Question 6

E = hν = ?

Answer 6

hc/λ = hc ̅

Question 7

We can use __________ as a signal source in many spectroscopic methods, either by measuring photons from a reaction or process, or by converting energy into photons and measuring them.

Answer 7

photons

Question 8

Some methods also convert photons into ________ in order to provide an electrical signal that can be measured and interpreted by an instrument

Answer 8

electrons

Question 9

Photons can be absorbed by _________ – either by atoms or molecules

Answer 9

matter

Question 10

Photons can be __________ by matter – either by atoms or molecules

Answer 10

emitted

Question 11

__________ can occur as photoluminescence (emission after absorption) or chemiluminescence (emission after a chemical reaction)

Answer 11

Emission

Question 12

__________ can also be reflected, refracted, diffracted, scattered, or dispersed

Answer 12

Photons

Question 13

When sufficient energy strikes a material, an atom or molecule can be promoted in energy from a ___________ to an excited state (absorption)

Answer 13

ground state

Question 14

__________ in an excited atom or molecule can also be released as a photon as the particle relaxes back to a ground state (emission).

Answer 14

Energy

Question 15

In order to promote an atom or molecule from a ground state to excited state, energy must be supplied in the form of _________ (photons), heat (flame, furnace, plasma), or chemical reaction

Answer 15

light

Question 16

Light sources can be categorized as _________ or line sources. A continuum source has light output over a wide range of wavelengths, while a line source only emits discrete wavelengths

Answer 16

continuum

Question 17

Heat sources include a __________ , an electric furnace, a plasma ‘flame’, or an electrical arc or spark source

Answer 17

fuel-oxygen flame

Question 18

Chemical reactions can produce heat for _______________ (e.g., glow stick) while enzymatic processes and contribute to bioluminescence (e.g., firefly).

Answer 18

chemiluminescence

Question 19

Particularly for continuum sources, we need a way to only send or receive specific wavelengths. This is done via a wavelength selection process that can use filters or, most commonly, a _____________

Answer 19

monochromator

Question 20

A ______________ will take a narrow beam of light (after it passed through a slit aperture) and using prisms or diffraction grating along with a series of mirrors, passes a specific wavelength of light to the sample for absorption. Light emitted
from a sample can also pass through a similar device before going to a detector

Answer 20

monochromator

Question 21

After light is generated, split, and passes through the sample, we need to detect
the remaining light that reaches a _____________. Commonly, the photons that
were not absorbed in a sample, or photons that were emitted from a sample are
collected in such a way that they are then converted to electrical signal

Answer 21

detection system

Question 22

A _________________ accepts a photon that strikes a photoemissive
cathode ..a specially coated surface that produces electrons when struck by
photons

Answer 22

photomultiplier tube (PMT)

Question 23

The electrons given off by the cathode then strike a successive series of __________
that produce even more electrons. With multiple dynodes in place, a single
photon can create millions of electrons that generate an electrical current that
can be measured and interpreted by the instrument

Answer 23

dynodes

Question 24

______________ require that there is some mechanism by which light (either
electric or magnetic field) interacts with an analyte (atom, molecule)

Answer 24

Absorption methods

Question 25

In UV/Vis, when a photon is absorbed, its energy changes the energy of the ______________ electrons

Answer 25

analyte’s valence

Question 26

In infrared, the absorbed energy changes the ____________ energy of a bond (molecule)

Answer 26

vibrational

Question 27

For an absorption event to occur, the photon’s energy (hν) must equal the energy difference (ΔE) between two of the analyte’s energy states. Energy levels are quantized, meaning for a transition between two levels to occur, an exact amount of energy is required ... analogous to rungs on a ladder