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Final Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Non protein nitrogen

A

Ruminant thing
Ammonia toxicosis- Excess ammonia gets into blood stream
Causes alkaline rumen that causes more absorption of ammonia
Causes neurological signs
Acidify the rumen- give vinegar
Cool rumen temp- slow hydrolysis

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2
Q

Ammoniated feed toxicosis

A

Production of imidazoles that cause seizures
Mix ammonia with sugars
Pass in milk- safe if lactating but bad for males and anyone drinking it

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3
Q

Avermectins

A

Deworming
Never give to turtles
MDR-1 issues get higher levels in brains
Genetically test these animals
Lethargic, ataxic, comatose
Fluids, feeding, -supportive care
Induce vomiting and activated charcoal
Lipid therapy

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4
Q

Barbiturates

A

Euthanized carcasses
Don’t go away
In soil can be dug up and eaten etc

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5
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

2 types: muscarinic- slude signs
Nicotinic- jittery

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6
Q

Organophosphate sand carbamates

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors- can’t break down acetylcholine= continual stimulation
Older insecticides
Nicotinic signs, muscarinic signs, and seizures etc
Atropine- give therapeutic dose and if it does something it’s not this.
Causes ileus in horses
2-PAM

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7
Q

Blue green algae

A

Neurotoxin- die within minutes
Theoretically can treat with atropine

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8
Q

Tropane alkaloids

A

Cholinergic antagonist
(Atropine)
Jimson weed, belladonna
Ilieus inc HR, jittery,seizures, dry mouth
phygsostigamine

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9
Q

Muscarinic mushrooms

A

Muscarinic agonist
SLUDDE signs
Atropine

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10
Q

Slaframine

A

Muscarinic agonist
Drooling
Typically horses
Atropine only works before clinical signs
Take away food and fluids

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11
Q

Solanaceous plants

A

Muscarinic agonist
Plant material of like tomatoes, potatoes peppers
SLUDDE signs rare
GI issues

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12
Q

Tobacco which state do they do fine or not so much? Treatment? What not to do?

A

Cholinergic agonists
Hyperactive do fine, depressed not so much
Induce vomiting, charcoal, don’t give anything to increase stomach ph

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13
Q

Poison hemlock what does it cause at low doses? High doses? Treat,ent?

A

Cholinergic agonists
Stim at low dose
Paralysis of receptors at high doses
Same signs and treatment as nicotine

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14
Q

Ionophores

A

Increased feed efficiency of cattle
Never feed to horses
Horse- cardiac effects
Dogs- recumbency
Cats- peripheral neuropathy ataxic lethargic
Poultry- cardiac failure
Supportive care- no treatment

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15
Q

Most toxins do NOT cause intermittent seizures except what 2 toxins?

A
  1. Lead
  2. 1080
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16
Q

Strychnine

A

A pesticide- restricted use rodenticide
Competitive and reversible inhibition of 5e neurotransmitter glycine at the renshaw cell
Causes rigidity- muscles continually contract- having tonic clonic seizures- can’t open the lungs to breathe die of anoxia
Rapid absorption: 10-120 mins
IV fluids, control seizures, IV lipids, keep in quiet calm place

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17
Q

Lipid therapy positives

A

Can hasten recovery time
Can administer via peripheral catheters
Fairly cheap
2 year shelf life

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18
Q

Lipid therapy complications

A

Significant lipidemia
Pancreatitis
Volume overload potential
Can remove antidotes and other therapies

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19
Q

Lipid therapy used on what

A

Marijuana
Ivermectin
Moxidectin
Calcium channel blockers
Local anesthetic
Permethrin
Antidepressant meds
Baclofen

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20
Q

Water hemlock cicuta maculata

A

Violent seizures
Gross in waterways and ditches
Usually too late but if caught early GI decontamination: emesis, rumenotomy, charcoal
Seizure control with barbiturates

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21
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Produced by a fungus
Tremorgenic mycotixins- staggers syndrome
Reduce gaba and glycine concentrations
Clinical signs worsen with stimulation- fine mm tremors of head and neck

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22
Q

What are the grasses associated with tremorgenic mycotoxins

A

Bermuda grass
Dallas grass
Perennial ryegrass

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23
Q

Teemorgenic mycotoxins in small animals

A

Garbage toxicosis
Hyperactivity , tremors, seizures 30-2 hours
Emesis is asymptomatic
Tremor control with methocarbamol skeletal muscles relaxant

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24
Q

Sodium ion toxicosis/ water depravation

A

Increased sodium or dehydration causing hypernatremia
Acute and chronic

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25
Acute hypernatremia
Brain gets dehydrated Cerebral vascular damage
26
Chronic hypernatremia what’s produced? How do we treat? What do we see microscopically?
Na diffuses into brain protect from dehydration due to water loss Vomiting,lethargy,weakness, ataxia, seizures Brain protects by producing idiogenic amines (osmols) Quick rehydration is bad, cerebral edema Microscopically: eosinophilic cuffs around blood vessels
27
Treatment for sodium toxicosis
Emesis Do NOT give AC Benzos for seizures Acute: bring down Na levels fast Chronic: slowly drop Na takes 2-3 days
28
Amphetamines
Stimulate alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptor agonists Readily penetrates blood brain barrier Signs: agitation, dilated pupils, seizures, bradycardia ACEPROMAZINE Avoid benzos Beta blockers for tachycardia
29
Serotonergic medications
SSRIs: Prozac Paxil lexapro celexa SNRIs: cymbalta Effexor MAOI: anapryl TCA: amitripyline clomipramine
30
Serotonin syndrome
CNS effects, autonomic efffects, neuromuscular effects- if you have signs out of 2 of the 3
31
Signs associated with serotonin syndrome
Ataxia depression tremors vomiting diarrhea seizures clinical blindness
32
Decontamination of serotonin syndrome
Emesis if asymptomatic Activated charcoal For agitation: phenothiazines, cryoheptadine, acepromazine
33
Methylxanthines
Chocolate, tea coffees Caffeine+ theobromine= methylxanthine dose Vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, hyperactivity Emesis and charcoal if over lethal dose treat symptoms
34
Zinc phosphide
Rodenticide Vomiting, tremors, seizures, resp signs Smells like gas or rotten garlic
35
Phosphine gas
Rapids onset 15 min- 4 hr No water!!!! Apomorphine or ropinirole Emesis Human health concerns
36
Bromethalin
Neurotoxic rodenticide Converted to desmethylbromethalin in liver Lipophilic
37
Bromethalin mechanism of action
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and ATPis produced and Na/K ATPase pumps are t working and edema is developing in nerves in the brain- bad nerve conduction
38
Bromethalin toxicity
Spongy degeneration of CNS white matter Guinea pigs can’t desmethylate Dogs under 16 weeks of age blood brain barrier isn’t in take
39
Below LD
Slow onset 48 hours after ingestion Ataxia paresis loss of deep pain depressed CNS
40
Above LD Bromethalin
Rapid onset Tremors , fevers, excitability, seizures, death Mortality 100%
41
Bromethalin treatment
Supportive care
42
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids mechanism
Bind to nerve cells near sodium channels and slows the channels opening and closing
43
Low concentration pyrethrins
Flea shampoos, sprays and floggers etc. sprays often contain alcohol Dermal irritation, paw flicking, ear twitching, salvation with oral ingestion
44
Concentrated pyrethrins and dogs
Hypersensitive disorders- erythema, alopecia Behavior changes- hyperactivity, hyperesthesia Bathing resolves it
45
Concentrated pyrethroids and cats
Tremors depression dorooling Onset 1-24 hours Usually misapplication of dog treatment in cats Bathe, thermoregulation Methocabamol diazepam for seizures Treated for 1-3 days
46
Lead absorption
Oral tissue or inhalation
47
Lead kinetics
Absorbed lead bound to RBC Bone- long term storage depot
48
Macadamia nuts
Dogs only Weakness, depression, vomiting, hyperthermia
49
Hops
Dog only Hyperthermia-108-110 Cool off- cool IV fluids etc Dantrolene
50
Hybrid Sudan grass
Cystits- ataxia syndrome horses Cyanide Ataxic and dog sit, dribble of urine ruin scald GI GUninfections Antibiotics
51
Widow spiders
Muscle cramping by bite first then spread Painful Opioids, muscle relaxants
52
Coral snakes
Red on yellow Paralysis starts in hind end Stops diaphragm and die of anoxia Fluids intubate, supportive care
53
Larkspur
Cattle Recumbent GI issues Turn animals up hill
54
Photsensitization
Cattle No liver involvement Red, open wounds, blisters
55
Primary sensitization
Ingest the compound that causes the problem
56
Secondary photosenistazagion
Liver doesn’t break down chlorophyll correctly Must check liver values
57
Photosensitization treatment
Get out of sun, antibitoics, don’t feed foods that’ll cause issues
58
Primary photosensitizer plants
St. John’s wort Buckwheat Smartweed
59
Secondary photsensitization plants
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants Lantana Alsike clover
60
Selenium
Essential nutrient Sorpurces: soils, supplements, some plants
61
Acute selenium toxicosis
Depression, anorexia, weak, ataxia, recumbent, garlicky odor to breath
62
Chronic selenium
Losing hair from manes and tails Separation of hooves from body
63
Plants for chronic selenium
Astragalus, oonopsis, Stanleya, xylorhiza
64
Petroleum distillates what does it cause? Symptoms? Treatment?
Causes defatting and break down of lipids Dry, cracking, secondary infections Bathe animal, ventilation, emollient
65
Arsenic
Ant poisons, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, wood treatments Bloody diarrhea and vomiting, rice water diarrhea, hypovolemia and anemia Fluids, blood, BAL, DMSA Needs to be there within 2 hours
66
Aspirin
Erythema of GI tract, vomiting, stomach ulcers, liver necrosis Emesis, fluids, GI protectants misoprostal
67
Lectin plants
Predatory bean Castor bean Black locust
68
Precatory bean
Native to tropics- can be on jewelry bought from then Severe GI signs and multi organ failure
69
Castor bean
Contain ricin If chewed GI signs and organ failure Warfare agent
70
Black locust
Bark Horses with nothing else to eat Severe GI and multi organ failure
71
Insoluble calcium oxalale plants
Thick shiny green leaves Deiffenbachia, philodendron, spathiphyllum
72
Insoluble calcium oxalate plants
Shoot out crystal needles that hurt Drool gag oral and GI damage Give milk anything that contains calcium
73
Buttercup- ranunculus
Vesicant- blisters in the mouth First plants in the spring- horses
74
Diterpenoids what causes it? What are the symptoms? Example
In spurges or euphoria White milky sap Bloat, colic, v/d Ex. Poinsettia
75
Bulb plants
Daffodil, jonquil, tulip, etc If leaves maybe vomiting If bulb itself bloody diarrhea and hypovolemia
76
Trichothecene mycotoxins
DON- vomitoxin Corn, GI irritation, ulcer, vomiting, replace feed
77
Expanding adhesives
If see isocyanate- foreign body By 12 hours Palpate or radiograph Foreign body removal GI protectants
78
Corrosive agents- acids
Cleaners, anti rust etc PH of 1 or 2 Coagulation necrosis Oral pain, salivation, vomiting, and pain, ulcers, hyperthermia Dilution with milk, pain meds, supportive care.
79
Corrosive agents- alkalis
Drain openers, batteries, hair relaxer High pH 10-12 Liquefaction necrosis nerve destruction- keeps chewing Oral pain, salivation, vomiting, and pain, ulcers, hyperthermia Dilution with milk, pain meds, supportive care.
80
Corrosive agents- cationic detergents
Disinfectants, sanitizers, hair mousse Oral pain, salivation, vomiting, and pain, ulcers, hyperthermia Dilution with milk, pain meds, supportive care.
81
Corrossives DO NOT
Neutralize- produces heat Attempt Emesis will burn Administer charcoal
82
Cardiac glycosides sources
Medications, plants, toads, fireflies
83
Cardiac glycosides what does it cause? Treat with? Antidote?
Inhibit NaK ATPase pump in cardiac muscle - slows down contractions and let’s in more calcium into the cell Signs: arrhythmia, sudden death, vomiting, hyperkalemia, lethargy Induce vomiting, AC, no calcium fluids Antedote- digibind hella expensive
84
Cardiac glycosides causes: medication
Digoxin
85
Cardiac glycosides causes: plants
Oleander, fox glove, lily of the valley, milkweed
86
Cardiac glycosides causes: toads
Bufo toad Rhinella marina, incilius alvarius Rinse out the mouth- rinse back of mouth to forward If are toad, Emesis
87
Cardiac glycosides causes: fireflies
Mostly reptiles and amphibians Typically die before getting to office
88
Grayanotoxins what it causes
Bind to sodium channels in the heart Cause arrhythmias
89
Grayanotoxins plants
Rhododendrons, azaleas, laurels, Japanese pieris
90
Grayanotoxins signs
Bloat, and pain, arrhythmia, depressed
91
Grayanotoxins treatmnt
Decontaminate- emesis, AC Monitor HR Supportive care
92
Yew
Directly toxic to cardiac myocytes Arrhythmia and death Diagnosed with necropsy Charcoal them, minimize stress
93
White snakeroot
Killed Lincoln’s mother Nursing Horse cardiac necrosis, arrhythmias, death
94
Avocado
Persin Signs- Mares cattle rabbits goats- mastitis Rabbits, birds, goats- arrhythmia and death Symptomatic and support
95
Gossypol
Pigment glands of cotton ChF Thumps in pigs
96
Ionophores
Horses most susceptible Myocardial scarring
97
Albuterol
Overdose affects beta1 and beta 2 Tachycardia and hypokalemia, weak and wobbly Propranolol
98
Phenylpropanolamine
Used for urinary incontenance in dogs Hypertension, tachycardia, reflex bradycardia, depressed depends when they bring it in Piloerection Emesis Ace or nitroprusside
99
Paraguat
Restrictive pesticide Oral and dermal burns Resp signs and pulmonary fibrosis Caused by free radical formation Aggressive Emesis lovage AC Do not administer oxygen
100
Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
Tryptophan- lush pastures and corn Perilla ketone- purple mint 4-ipomeanol- moldy sweet potatoes
101
Tryptophan
Fog fever Transformed into 3-MI that produces free radicals and kills club cells and type 1 pneumocytes Dyspnea, afebrile pneumonia Remove from pasture Poor prognosis Ionophores
102
Perilla mint and sweet potatoes moldy
Kill off type 1 pneumoctyes
103
Hydrogen sulfide
High concentration- paralyzes ability to smell it and Resp center Animals over manure lagoons Death
104
Fumonisins
Pulmonary edema in pigs
105
Teflon (PTFE)
Toxic particles released from nonstick pans upon heating Pulmonary edema, hemorrhage and death
106
Petroleum distillates causes
Aspiration, chemical pneumonitis Skin sloughing
107
Cyanide
Found in fruit pits and seeds or fresh and dried leaves (apples peaches plum) Turn bright red Inhibits cytochrome oxidase- tissues can’t use oxygen Cherry red venous blood, depressed, death Hydroxycobalamine or sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate
108
Carbon monoxide
Carboxyhemoglobin- tissue hypoxia Also cherry red in color Treatment: hyperbaric oxygen if available
109
Zinc
Vomiting at first Hemolysis, renal failure,pancreatic necrosis Diagnosed: royal blue tube Anemic- blood transfusion, get zinc out
110
Propyl disulfide
Onions, garlic, chives, etc Leads to hemolysis Discolored urine, tachycardic Secondary renal failure Treatment: antioxidants, blood transfusion,
111
Red maple
Horses Pyrogallol does hemolysis Discolored urine, icteric, kidney failure Ac, blood transfusion
112
Nitrates and nitrites
From plants or fertilizer Ruminants Methhemoglobinemia Chocolate colored mucous membranes, tachypnic , death Treatment: methylene blue but 180 withdrawal of milk or slaughter
113
Acetaminophen
Methemoglbonemia Hepatic necrosis N-acetlychsteine
114
Anticoagulant rodenticides what does it do and inhibit? What clotting factors are involved? How do we test it? Terstment?
Stops production of clotting factors but inhibiting vitamin k from becoming active 2,7,9,10 clotting factors Dyspnea, hemorrhage, depends where bleeding occurs PT test Horses- PTT Vitamin K1 with food Give plasma or blood for clotting factors
115
White and yellow sweet clover in what drug? What species? What does it cause? Treatment?
Warfarin Cattle In hay Hemorrhage Clean feed, vitamin k
116
Copper toxicosis sheep
Sensitive in sheep Hemolysis Kidneys don’t like free hemoglobin Gun metal blue kidneys, icterus Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
117
Copper toxicosis in dogs what does it cause? How do we treat it?
Chronic liver failure Bedljngton rerrior, websites, skye terriers, Dobermans D penicillamine, trientine
118
Bracken fern
Aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep Bladder tumors, thiaminase in horses
119
Pit vipers
Rattlesnakes, water moccasins, copperheads Coagulopathy Swelling, bite site, oozing Bite in head poor prognosis, bite to limb better Hypovolemia, hemorrhagic shock Echinocytes
120
DO NOTs in treating pit viper venom
Cold packs, ice, incision, suction, tourniquets, electroshock, alcohol
121
What to do in a pit viper bite
Bring animals in Measure coagulation profile, TPR, measure swelling, antivenins IgG is antivenin Tissue destruction and neurotoxins
122
Recluse spiders
Necrotic non healing wound
123
Black walnut
Causes laminitis in horses
124
Fluoride
Small animal- eat toothpaste Irritant vomiting GI hemorrhage Cows- affected weak teeth Adults- too much in bone and increased bone proliferation on long bones
125
Reproductive toxins
Abortion, birth defects etc
126
False hellebore
Cyclopian lambs if consumed on 14th day of gestation Born dead or die shortly after birth Not in labor fast enough
127
Neuromuscular blockade in fetus
Fetus can’t move- frozen joints Tobacco, lupine, poison hemlock
128
Locoweed
Crooked joints Shortened Swainsonine
129
Fescue
Tall grass infected with fungal infection Cattle and horses Repro problems
130
4 syndromes of fescue
fescue foot Summer slump Fat necrosis Equine agalactia dystocia
131
Fescue mechanism
Vasoconstriction
132
Fescue foot signs
Hypothermia signs Feet ears and tails
133
Summer slump
Vasoconstriction in summer Can’t get rid of heat No weight gain
134
Fescue fat necrosis
Vasoconstriction Necrotic fat n abdomen GI obstruction
135
Fescue in horses
No secretion of prolactin Not going to go into labor or produce milk Oversized fetus
136
Fescue prevention or treatment
Plant different grasses Mares- domperidone dopamine compound
137
Nitrates and nitrites
Abortion Methemoglobinemia
138
Isocupressic acid
Pine needles Cattle abortion but decreasing blood flow to fetus
139
Gossypol with repro
Infertility in male ruminants
140
Zearalenone
Mycotoxin Estrogen mimic Males- atrophy of tests Females- abortion, fetal resorption

Toxicology (1 decks)

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