Final material

Question 1

Antiseptic

Answer 1

antimicrobial agent intended for use on living tissue

Question 2

disinfectant

Answer 2

antimicrobial agent intended for use on inanimate objects

Question 3

antiseptics and disinfectants can be

Answer 3

selectively toxic:
-bacteriostatic
-bacteriaocidal

Question 4

phenolics

Answer 4

-work by denaturing proteins to disrupt cell mem
-phenol (great starting point)

Question 5

who invented phenol

Answer 5

Joseph Lister

Question 6

examples of phenolics

Answer 6

cresol, xylenol, orthophenyphenol, lysol

Question 7

alcohols

Answer 7

-denature protein, dissolve cell lipids
-ethanol (60-75%), isopropanol

Question 8

Halogens

Answer 8

-iodine, chlorine

Question 9

iodine is used

Answer 9

-clinically
-oxidizes cell components
-tinctures
-iodophors

Question 10

tinctures

Answer 10

2% or more iodine in a H2O/ethanol solution of potassium iodide

Question 11

iodophors

Answer 11

-completed iodine with organic carrier molecules
-H2O soluble, non-staining
-SLOW RELEASE IODINE

Question 12

chlorine is used

Answer 12

environmentally
-chlorine gas
-sodium hypochlorite
-calcium hypochlorite
-hypochlorous acid (oxidizing agent)

Question 13

heavy metals

Answer 13

-mercury, silver, zinc, copper, arsenic
-most multifactorial (can disrut cell wall, cell mem, can crosslink protein, disrupt nucleic acid)

Question 14

silver nitrate

Answer 14

babys eyes

Question 15

silver sulfadiazine

Answer 15

burn ointment

Question 16

silver ions

Answer 16

in clothes, shoes

Question 17

quaternary ammonium compounds

Answer 17

-detergents
-amphipathic

Question 18

hydrophillic quaternary ammonium

Answer 18

• +charge to get close to - charge bacteria

Question 19

hydrophobic quaternary ammonium compounds

Answer 19

stick to bacterial membrane

Question 20

aldehyde

Answer 20

-complex w protein and nucleic acids
-formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

Question 21

things that can determine antimicrobial effectiveness

Answer 21

-cost
-odorless
-colorless
-water soluble
-stability

Question 22

phenol coefficient

Answer 22

-compares new antimicrobial agent to phenol
-calculated by dividing the highest dilution of the agent that kills after 10 mins by the highest dilution of phenol that kills in ten mins

Question 23

if > 1

Answer 23

antimicrobial is more effective than phenol

Question 24

if = 1

Answer 24

same effectiveness as phenol

Question 25

if < 1 `

Answer 25

less effective than phenol

Question 26

growth inhibition tests

Answer 26

-looks for how long contact is necessary for antimicrobial to work

Question 27

how to perform growth inhibition test

Answer 27

-add 100 microL of bacteria to tube that has 5mls of antimicrobial agent -start timer as soon as you add bacteria -transfer out 100 micro L into new tubes with nutrient broth at various time intervals -you also need a control

Question 28

antibiotics

Answer 28

-group of compounds originally produced by the metabolic reactions or microorganisms that kill or inhibit growth of other microbes -can kill good and bad bacteria, can take a toll on good microbiome

Question 29

mircoorganisms

Answer 29

bacteria: streptomyces and bacillus

Question 30

broad spectrum

Answer 30

kill / inhibit both gram + and gram -

Question 31

narrow spectrum

Answer 31

-kill / inhibit gram + or gram - -can be more narrow than that: mycobacterium

Question 32

antibiotic resistance

Answer 32

genetics, based on genes organisms have

Question 33

different ways bacteria can be resistant

Answer 33

-organism lacks the target of antibiotic -organism may be impermeable to antibiotic -organism can alter the antibiotic -organism can alter the target of the antibiotic -organism can pump out the antibiotic

Question 34

how can organisms pump out the antibiotic

Answer 34

eflux pumps

Question 35

How does resistance occur

Answer 35

-overuse: not identifying agents of disease -not finishing prescription

Question 36

how to improve the problem of antibiotic resistance

Answer 36

-use other natural antimicrobial agents -wash hands -general education of people -cycle the antibiotics used

Question 37

kirby bauer method

Answer 37

-technique for antibiotic susceptibility

Question 38

plate that kirby bauer method uses

Answer 38

-agar plate: Mueller-Hinton agar -standardizes the results because of diffusion rate -larger plate (15cm instead of 10cm): more surface area to see results better

Question 39

how to perform the kirby bauer method

Answer 39

-get a confluent layer of bacteria onto the plate -place antibiotic discs into the plate -incubate -measure diameter of zone of inhibition then look at catalog to give three numbers

Question 40

antibiotic discs

Answer 40

-impregnated w specific antibiotics -need to grow along with the bacteria to diffuse out of the disc -each disc is a different antibiotic

Question 41

3 numbers tell you

Answer 41

-susceptibility -resistance -intermediate range