Final Material Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
T/F: The parasympathetic NS and the sympathetic NS work in concert w/ one another, not in opposition.
A
True
2
Q
Parasympathetic pre-gang fibers are carried in which cranial nerves?
A
CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2, S3, S4 spinal nerves
3
Q
In general, CN 3, 7, & 9 will supply structures in the __, whereas CN 10 will supply structures in the _____.
A
Head (3,7,9)
Neck, Thorax, & Abdomen (10)
4
Q
What structures do S2, S3, S4 supply?
A
Distal digestive system and urogenital system
5
Q
Where are pre-gang cell bodies located from CN3?
A
Accessory oculomotor n. (Edinger Westphal)
6
Q
The ciliary ganglion is associated with which parasympathetic CN?
A
CN 3
7
Q
Post-gang parasymp carried in short ciliary nerves supply which 2 muscles?
A
Ciliaris
Sphincter pupillae
8
Q
Which eye muscle is used when we are focusing on closer objects?
A
Ciliaris
9
Q
Preganglionic cell bodies of ____(CN) are located in the superior part of the salivary nucleus?
A
CN 7
10
Q
At what point does the greater petrosal nerve leave the facial nerve?
A
Geniculate ganglion
11
Q
What structures will the greater petrosal nerve eventually supply?
A
Lacrimal gl
nasal gl
palatine gl
pharyngeal gl
12
Q
What nerve combines with the lingual nerve to reach the submandibular ganglion?
A
Chorda tympani
13
Q
What structures will the chorda tympani supply with parasympathetics?
A
Submandibular gl
Sublingual gl
Oral mucosa
Lingual gl of anterior tongue
14
Q
T/F: The glossopharyngeal nerve’s pre-gang cell bodies are located in the superior part of the salivary nucleus.
A
False: CN 9-inferior part of salivary n
CN 7-superior part of salivary n
15
Q
Which glands are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
A
Parotid gland and posterior lingual gland
16
Q
Preganglionic cell bodies of the Vagus Nerve are located in which nucleus?
A
Posterior nucleus of the Vagus
17
Q
The Vagus nerve’s pathway to the heart is carried in which nerves?
A
Superior Cardiac N.
Inferior Cardiac N.
18
Q
The pathway to the heart from the Vagus Nerve reaches which 3 structures?
A
SA node
AV node
AV bundle–>subendocardial branches
19
Q
CN 10 reaches what structures in the lungs?
A
Constriction of bronchial musculature
Increased secretion of bronchial glands
20
Q
Vagal parasympathetics reach the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus via what nerves?
A
Anterior and Posterior Vagal trunks (note..no longer right and left vagal trunks)
21
Q
T/F: The posterior vagal trunk supplies the spleen and kidneys.
A
True
22
Q
T/F: The kidneys motor supply is strictly sympathetic.
A
True
23
Q
Which plexuses supply the distal part of the digestive tract?
A
Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
Superior Hypogastric Plexus
Inferior Mesenteric Plexus
24
Q
What is the main target of parasympathetics sent to the urinary bladder?
A
Detrusor muscle–>emptying of bladder
25
From what cord levels do sympathetics arise from?
Lateral horn of T1-L2/L3
26
Symp preganglionic fibers release ___.
Acetylcholine
27
The sympathetic trunk extends from the ____ ____ ganglion to the ____ ____.
Superior cervical ganglion to the ganglion impar
28
T/F: There is a ganglion associated with every cord level.
False: 21-22 ganglion
| 3 C, 11 T, 4 L, 4 S
29
T/F: Ganglia in the cervical region lie posterior to the carotid sheath.
True
30
Ganglia are found anterior to the neck of the ribs in the ___ ____; whereas the ganglion are found on the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies in the ___ ___.
Upper thoracic; Lower thoracic
31
The __ cervical ganglion may fuse with the 1st thoracic ganglion to form the ___ ___.
Inferior; Stellate ganglion
32
The upper 4 cervical ganglion fuse to form what ganglion?
Superior cervical ganglion
33
T/F: The superior cervical ganglion is the largest of the cervical sympathetic ganglion.
True
34
Which branches from the superior cervical ganglion travel to the pharynx, larynx, and heart?
Medial branches
35
The anterior branches from the superior cervical ganglion follow which blood vessels?
Common carotid arteries
| External carotid arteries
36
T/F: The inferior cervical ganglion is the smallest of the cervical ganglion.
False middle=smallest
37
The middle cervical ganglion is located at the level of __.
C6
38
Thyroid branches to the thyroid and parathyroid glands are from the ___ cervical ganglion.
middle
39
Which ganglion lies at the level of C7 transverse process and neck of the first rib?
Inferior cervical ganglion (possibly stellate ganglion if fused)
40
T/F: All 12 thoracic nerves have a gray and white ramus communicans.
True
41
T/F: The upper five thoracic ganglion supply structures in the thoracic cavity
True
42
How many splanchnic nerves are associated with the lower 7 segments of the thoracic sympathetic trunk?
3: Greater, Lesser, and Least
43
The greater splanchnic nerve is formed by which ganglia, that terminate in the celiac ganglion.
Greater=T5-T9/T10
44
Which splanchnic nerve terminates in the renal plexus and is made up solely of the T12 ganglion?
Least splanchnic N
45
The lesser splanchnic nerve is made up from which ganglia and ends as which ganglion?
T9-T10/T11; aorticorenal ganglion
46
Which lumbar nerves have white ramus communicans and which have gray ramus communicans?
White-L1, L2
| Gray-L1-L5
47
Pre-gang, symp fibers to head and neck come from where and synapse where?
T1 and T2 nerves; synapse in superior cervical ganglion
48
Sympathetics to the heart typically involve which thoracic nerves?
T1-T4
49
T2-T4 nerves carrying sympathetics to the lungs will synapse in which ganglia?
Second, third, and fourth thoracic ganglia
50
T/F: Upper extremity symp carried in T3-T9; whereas lower extremity symp carried in T10-T12.
False: Upper ex: T3-T7
| Lower ex: T10-L2
51
T5-T12 levels will carry sympathetics to where?
Abdominal viscera
52
Pelvic viscera symp information comes from what thoracic levels?
T10-L2 (same as lower extremity)
53
The superior cervical ganglion sends branches to which cranial nerves?
CN 9, 10, 12
54
T/F: The internal carotid nerve is a branch from the superior cervical ganglion that will eventually divide into lateral and medial branches.
True
55
The internal carotid plexus is formed by which nerve: lateral internal carotid or medial internal carotid?
Lat--internal carotid plexus
| Med--cavernous plexus
56
What structures do symp traveling from the medial internal carotid nerve through the ciliary ganglion supply?
Ciliaris
Dilator pupillae
Tarsus muscles of the upper eyelid
57
Branches accompanying the inferior thyroid artery supplying the thyroid gland originate from which cervical ganglion?
Middle cervical ganglion
58
T/F: Laryngopharyngeal branches are from the superior cervical ganglion whereas cardiac branches come from each of the cervical ganglia.
True
59
Which thoracic ganglia send post-gang symp fibers to the thoracic aorta?
T1-T5 ganglia
60
What is the main contribution to the esophageal plexus?
Vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves; symp from the greater splanchnic nerves
61
What are the 3 contributions to the thoracic aortic plexus?
1. Vagus n
2. Greater splanchnic n
3. T1-T5 symp ganglia
62
T/F: Parasymp stimulation from the pulmonary plexus results in bronchial dilation
False: ...bronchial constriction
63
What is the largest prevertebral plexus?
Celiac plexus
64
What are the 3 pairs of well-defined ganglia associated with the celiac plexus?
1. celiac
2. superior mesenteric
3. aorticorenal
65
Which artery does the suprarenal plexus accompany?
Middle suprarenal artery
66
What is the 2nd largest prevertebral plexus?
Inferior hypogastric plexus
67
The eyes are derived from which of the following: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm?
Ectoderm and mesoderm
68
What part of the eye is mesodermally-derived?
Fibrous coats (sclera and cornea)
69
T/F: If pressure increases in the eye, the sclera and cornea will bulge.
False: sclera retains shape but cornea may bulge
70
Where do extraocular muscles attach?
Sclera
71
What is the limbus?
The transition point between sclera and cornea
72
T/F: The primary refractory part of the eyeball is the cornea, not the lens.
True
73
Which layer of the cornea is continuous with the conjunctiva?
Corneal epithelium
74
T/F: The endothelium is the largest part of the cornea.
False: Substantia propria is largest
75
T/F: The vascular tunic consists of the choroid, the lens, and the iris
False: ...choroid, ciliary body, and iris
76
Where is the only spot that the choroid is firmly attached to the sclera?
Where the optic nerve penetrates the sclera
77
What is the main purpose of the ciliary body?
Suspend the lens
78
T/F: The ciliary body produces the aqueous fluid.
True
79
T/F: The ciliary muscle contracts to become more concave, allowing for near vision.
False: convEx is nEar...concAve is fAr
80
What is the colored part of the eye that divides the anterior segment into anterior and posterior chambers?
Iris
81
Which 2 muscles control the size of the pupil?
```
Sphincter pupillae (parasymp)
Dilator pupillae (symp)
```
82
Which tunic of the eye is considered to be a specialized portion of the brain?
Nervous tunic or retina
83
Which layer of the retina contains rods and cone cell bodies?
Outer nuclear layer
84
T/F: Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells at the outer plexiform layer.
False: ...at the inner plexiform layer
85
Which layer of the retina is the glial boundary separating the retina from the vitreous body?
Inner limiting membrane
86
Where do ganglionic cells synapse?
Lateral geniculate body
87
What is the spot in the retina with no photoreceptors, where major blood vessels enter the eyeball?
Optic disc
88
_ ___ is the middle of the macula lutea and also is the area of clearest vision.
Fovea centralis
89
T/F: Only cones are found in the macula lutea.
True
90
__ __ __ is the site where aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber of the eye.
Scleral venous sinus
91
If the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked, aqueous humor can accumulate leading to increased pressure causing which condition?
Glaucoma
92
T/F: The lens of the eye is avascular.
True
93
What happens to the lens to cause cataracts?
Lens becomes less transparent
94
What is presbyopia?
Lens getting harder with age, making near vision difficult
95
What gelatinous substance fills the posterior segent?
Vitreous body
96
What is the structure that connects the optic nerve to the posterior aspect of the lens and has no purpose in adults?
Hyaloid canal
97
What structure did the hyaloid canal contain in a fetus?
fetal hyaloid artery
98
What 4 structures make up the lacrimal apparatus?
1. Lacrimal glands
2. Lacrimal ducts
3. Lacrimal sac
4. Nasolacrimal duct
99
What structure drains tears into the lacrimal sac and can be closed in young infants?
Lacrimal ducts
100
Where will the nasolacrimal duct drain tears into?
Inferior nasal meatus
101
What sort of substance do tarsal glands secrete?
Oily substance to coat tears and prevent them from evaporating
102
All arteries to the eyeball are branches of the ____ artery.
Ophthalmic
103
How many short ciliary arteries are they and where do they go?
6-12 arteries forming a ring around the optic nerve
104
Where do the anterior ciliary arteries run?
Over and under the eyeball
105
What is the only artery to supply the retina?
Central retinal artery
106
Which artery(ies) of the eye do not have a venous counterpart?
Short ciliary arteries
107
Sensory for the ciliary body, iris, and cornea travel via what nerves?
Long ciliary nerves, (the rest of the eyeball's sensory travels in the short ciliary nerves)
108
Post-gang symp from the ___ plexus pass thru the ___ ganglion to reach the ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles.
Cavernous plexus; ciliary ganglion
109
Where do post-gang parasymp fibers heading to the ciliaris and sphincter pupillae originate from?
Ciliary ganglion
110
What is the placode?
Ectodermal thickening on the lateral head of an embryo
111
Which comes first the auditory pit or the auditory vesicle?
Pit-->vesicle-->membranous inner ear
112
What 2 structures make up the external ear?
Auricle and External acoustic meatus
113
T/F: The 3 extrinsic muscles of the ear are the anterior, posterior and inferior auricular muscles.
False: anterior, posterior and SUPERIOR auricular muscles
114
Modified sweat glands within the external acoustic meatus produces what?
Cerumen
115
How would one perform an otoscopic examination?
Pulling lobule out, down and forward
116
Which CN does not innervate the external ear somehow: CN 2, 5, 7, 10?
CN 2 (5-sensory, 7-motor, 10-sensory)
117
Sympathetics to the external ear come from which cervical ganglion?
Superior cervical ganglion
118
What is the space between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear?
Middle ear
119
T/F: The 3 small bones of the middle ear are the incus, malleus, and the stapes.
True
120
What are the 2 muscles found within the middle ear?
Stapedius and tensor tympani
121
The roof of the middle ear is formed by the petrous portion of which bone?
Temporal bone
122
What thin layer of bone separates the middle ear from the internal jugular vein?
Floor or Jugular wall
123
In which structure does the tympanic branch of CN 9 pass through?
Floor or Jugular wall
124
What is the pyramidal eminence?
Opening in the posterior wall of the middle ear which allows for the passing of the tendon of the stapedius muscle
125
What 3 openings are present in the carotid wall?
1. Opening for pharyngotympanic tube
2. Tensor tympani passage opening
3. Chorda tympani exit opening
126
What is the boundary between the middle ear and the inner ear?
Labyrinthine or medial wall
127
The ___ is the impression made by the cochlea found on the medial wall.
Promontory
128
Which of the middle ear bones is the largest?
Malleous
129
What is the order of bones from inner ear to outer ear?
Stapes, incus, malleus
130
T/F: The malleus is in contact with the tympanic membrane and the stapes is in contact with the oval window.
True
131
What nerve supplies sensory from the middle ear?
Tympanic n of CN 9
132
What are the 2 subdivisions of the inner ear?
Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
133
The membranous labyrinth is bathed in what?
Perilymph
134
What are the 3 semicircular canals orientation?
Anterior, posterior, and lateral
135
What fluid is found within the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
136
What is the duct that connects the saccule and the utricle?
Utricosaccular duct
137
The bony part of the cochlea consists of a tube coiled around what bony structure?
Modiolus
138
What are the 3 channels within the cochlea?
1. Scala vestibuli
2. Cochlear duct
3. Scala tympani
139
What is the point at which the scala vestibuli communicates with the scala tympani?
Helicotrema
140
What forms the base of the scala vestibuli?
Oval window
141
The round window is the base of what structure?
Scala tympani
142
How is the cochlear duct anchored to the outer wall of the cochlea?
Spiral ligament
143
The vestibular membrane separates which two structures?
Scala vestibuli above from the cochlear duct below
144
_____ is the membrane that separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?
Basilar or spiral membrane
145
Where do you find the spiral organ?
Floor of the cochlear duct, attached to the basilar membrane, covered by the tectorial membrane
146
What is the spiral organ sensitive to?
Frequency and amplitude of sound waves
147
Where does most of the amplification occur: the ossicles or the oval window?
The oval window 17x
| Not the ossicles...only 1.2x
148
Information received by the receptors in the spiral organ is transmitted to the ___ nerve.
Cochlear nerve
149
What makes up the vestibular labyrinth?
```
Two sacs (saccule and utricle)
Three semicircular ducts
```
150
The scala vestibuli is filled w/ ___ and the cochlear duct is filled with ___.
s. vestibule: perilymph
| cochlear duct: endolymph
151
What do all parts of the vestibular labyrinth contain?
Endolymph
152
What are maculae?
Hairlike sense organs found within the utricle and saccule
153
What are the maculae bathed in?
Endolymph
154
T/F: The utricle detects centrifugal and vertical accelerations
True
155
What does the saccule detect?
Linear accelerations
156
What are crista?
Sense organs in the ampulla of each semicircular duct that are sensitive to acceleration, (particularly rotational acceleration)
157
T/F: The superior branch carries information from the anterior and posterior semicircular ducts.
False: Superior --anterior and lateral sc ducts & utricle
| Inferior --posterior sc duct and saccule
158
Which branch carrying info from the vestibular labyrinth is larger: the superior or inferior?
Superior
159
Sympathetics to the labyrinth come from which 2 plexuses?
Cavernous and/or Internal Carotid Plexuses
160
Where are the cell bodies for axons of the cochlear nerve?
Spiral ganglion
161
Where are cell bodies for axons of the vestibular nerve?
Vestibular ganglion
162
Where is information in the vestibular nerve carried to?
Vestibular nuclear complex of M.O
| Cerebellum
163
Where does the cochlear nerve synapse?
```
Superior olivary nucleus (M.O.)
Trapezoid nucleus (M.O.)
```
164
Information from the lateral lemniscus will travel where?
Inferior colliculi and Medial geniculate bodies
| --> Temporal lobe (B.A. 41 and 42)
