Final Midterm Review

Question 1

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 1

abolished slavery

Question 2

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 2

guaranteed equal protection under the law and the right to due process

Question 3

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 3

guaranteed voting rights for African American men

Question 4

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 4

(1954) involved whether Linda Brown had the right to attend an all white school in Topeka, Kansas

Question 5

Political socialization

Answer 5

the induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based

Question 6

Agents of socialization

Answer 6

social institutions, including families and schools, help to shape individuals’ basic political beliefs and values

Question 7

What does De jure mean?

Answer 7

“by law” segregation ended refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s

Question 8

What does de facto mean?

Answer 8

“by fact” segregation remained. refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today

Question 9

margin of error

Answer 9

a polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample.

Question 10

Bandwagon effect

Answer 10

a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public-opinion polls report as the front-runner.

Question 11

Political ideology

Answer 11

refers to a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government.

Question 12

Public opinion

Answer 12

is a collection of popular views about something, perhaps a person, a local or national event, or a new idea

Question 13

Liberals

Answer 13

Those who generally support social and political reform, governmental intervention in the economy, more economic equality, expansion of federal social services, and greater concern for consumers and the environment.

Question 14

Conservatives

Answer 14

those who generally support the social and economic status quo, are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulas and economic arrangements, and believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens’ freedom.

Question 15

Libertarians

Answer 15

those who emphasize individual freedom and believe in voluntary association with small government.

Question 16

Socialists

Answer 16

those who generally believe in social ownership, strong government, free markets, and a reduction in economic inequality.

Question 17

Media

Answer 17

are print and digital forms of communication, including television, newspapers, radio, the internet, and social media, intended to convey information to large audiences.

Question 18

Principled journalism

Answer 18

reporting that involves being as accurate as possible, relying on original sources, and presenting multiple viewpoints.

Question 19

Media monopoly

Answer 19

giant, often global, corporations that control a wide array of media

Question 20

Agenda setting

Answer 20

the power of the media to bring public attention to a particular problem or issue

Question 21

Framing:

Answer 21

the process of presenting information from a certain perspective in order to shape audience’s comprehension of that information. It also includes: the media’s power to include or exclude information

its power to shape the meaning that people perceive from specific words or phrases, photographs, or video

Question 22

Priming

Answer 22

calling attention to some issues and not others when evaluating political officials or issues

Question 23

Mainstream news organizations

Answer 23

adhere to principles of journalism.

Question 24

Partisan media

Answer 24

are news organizations that mix opinion with factual reporting to appeal to ideological consumers.

Question 25

Open-driven journalism

Answer 25

political blogs and talk shows where the writer or host provides highly opinionated personal commentary, blurring the boundaries between objective journalism and subjective reporting.

Question 26

Confirmation bias:

Answer 26

the tendency to favor information that confirms a person’s existing beliefs and discounting evidence that could challenge those beliefs.

Question 27

Filter bubble:

Answer 27

partisan media environments in which users are exposed to opinions and information that conforms to existing beliefs.

Question 28

Media echo chambers

Answer 28

closed communication systems in which individual beliefs are amplified or reinforced by repetition.

Question 29

Political parties

Answer 29

are groups of people with similar interests who work together to create and implement policies.

Question 30

1796-1824: The first party system

Answer 30

Federalists and Antifederalists → Democratic Republicans

Question 31

Federalists (1796-1824)

Answer 31

New England merchants Stronger national government Support the creation of a national bank Support protective tariffs

Question 32

Antifederalists → Democratic Republicans (1796-1824)

Answer 32

Southern farmers Support free trade and states’ rights Close relationship with France

Question 33

1828-1856: The second party system

Answer 33

Democratic Party and Whig Party

Question 34

Democratic Party (1828-1856)

Answer 34

The party of Andrew Jackson and his supporters Strong support from the South and West Populism Yeah Yeah Support free trade

Question 35

Whig Party (1828-1856)

Answer 35

United by opposition to Jackson and Democrats (and that’s really it) Strong in the Northeast and among merchants

Question 36

1860-1892: The Civil War Party System

Answer 36

Democratic Party and Republican Party

Question 37

Democratic Party 1860-1892

Answer 37

Before Civil War, pro-slavery Had support from immigrants and the working class in the North After Reconstruction, became the party of the South and segregation

Question 38

Republican Party 1860-1892

Answer 38

Replaced the Whigs Opposed slavery and led Reconstruction efforts in the South Drafted and passed the Reconstruction Amendments 15th Amendment gives voting rights to Black Americans who largely voted Republican (when able)

Question 39

1932-1964: The New Deal Party System

Answer 39

FDR’s Democratic Party and Republican Party

Question 40

Republican Party 1832-1964

Answer 40

Voters perceive President Herbert Hoover and his party as as not doing enough for economic relief during the Great Depression Stay losing

Question 41

FDR’s Democratic Party 1932-1964

Answer 41

A new coalition of voters: unionized and working-class workers, upper middle class intellectuals and professionals, southern white farmers, Jews, Catholics, and Black Americans Support social welfare programs for economic recovery Majority party for nearly 60 years

Question 42

1964-present: The Modern Party System

Answer 42

Democratic Party and Republican Party

Question 43

Democratic party 1964- to present

Answer 43

Division within the New Deal coalition over civil rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 Coalition is mostly working class, less educated, lower income, immigrants, racial minorities, and Catholics

Question 44

Republican Party 1964present

Answer 44

Richard Nixon and the “Southern Strategy” causes massive realignment of white southern voters to Republican Party Coalition becomes white people, college educated, high income, and Protestants Ronald Reagan adds the Religious Right to coalition Free trade, deregulation, traditional family, opposition to affirmative action, devolution

Question 45

formal structure of the political party

Answer 45

Local State National

Question 46

Interest groups

Answer 46

are an organized group of people or institutions that uses various forms of advocacy to influence public policy

Question 47

Suffrage the right to vote—has expanded throughout American history to more and more people.

Answer 47

Fifteenth Amendment (1870) 1965 Voting Rights Act Nineteenth Amendment (1920) Twenty-Sixth Amendment (1971)

Question 48

voting has often been limited or suppressed, particularly for African Americans:

Answer 48

Grandfather clause Literacy tests Poll tax Intimidation and violence

Question 49

Formal Barriers: Today

Answer 49

Age Naturalization status Those convicted of felonies U.S. citizens residing in U.S. territories cannot vote for president in the general election

Question 50

Procedural Barriers

Answer 50

Election day Registration rules Voter identification requirements Purges Cuts in early voting Polling place closures

Question 51

nomination:

Answer 51

parties determine their candidates

Question 52

primary campaigns:

Answer 52

candidates debate one another, hold town hall meetings and rallies, and run campaign ads

Question 53

primaries and caucuses:

Answer 53

voters help select their political party’s candidates

Question 54

conventions:

Answer 54

candidates are formally nominated

Question 56

general election campaign general election:

Answer 56

Election Day is in early November, but many states allow early voting

Question 57

Electoral College:

Answer 57

voting for presidential elections only

Question 58

Three major factors affect who gets elected:

Answer 58

Who runs for Congress (parties cannot control who runs for their nomination) Incumbency advantage Redistricting process

Question 59

Campaign

Answer 59

an effort by political candidates to win support for their quest for political office

Question 60

Incumbent

Answer 60

: a candidate running for re-election

Question 61

Grassroots campaigns:

Answer 61

political campaigns that operate on the local level

Question 62

Mass media campaigns

Answer 62

campaigns use mass media extensively for advertising, which can often involve negative or attack advertising.

Question 63

Face-to-face interactions

Answer 63

with a canvasser greatly increases chance that a person will go to the polls to vote.

Question 64

Political action committee (PAC)

Answer 64

a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns

Question 65

527 committees

Answer 65

are nonprofit independent political action committees that Operate primarily to influence election of candidates for office.

Question 66

Many PACs and Super PACs

Answer 66

are 527 committees

Question 67

Super PACs:

Answer 67

political committee/organization that can raise and spend unlimited sums of money but cannot contribute directly to a candidate campaign or political party

Question 68

501c(4) committees (dark money)

Answer 68

politically active nonprofits that can spend unlimited amounts on political campaigns and not disclose their donors as long as (1) their activities are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns and (2) political activities are not their primary purpose

Question 69

Fundraising: Supreme Court cases

Answer 69

Citizens United and SpeechNow (2010) Allowed unlimited spending by corporations, unions, wealthy individuals, and interest groups by way of “outside groups” or groups not directly coordinated with candidate’s campaign. Spending by Super PACs and dark money groups have played unprecedented roles in the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections and in midterm elections as well.