Final Overview Deck Flashcards
Learn (153 cards)
1
Q
Force is mass X ______ = ______
A
Acceleration ; Newtons
2
Q
Work is Force X _______ = _____
A
Distance ; Joules
3
Q
Power: work / ______ = ______
A
Time ; Watts
4
Q
Acoustic Intensity = __^-12 _____/m^2
A
10 ; watts
5
Q
Sound Pressure: ___ x 10^-5 N/m2
or
___ μPa
A
2 ; 20
6
Q
________ is a measure of sound magnitude, generally sound pressure.
A
Amplitude
7
Q
_________ is when sound wave oscillations do not continue indefinitely, motion is opposed by friction, when amplitude decreases over time, the vibrations are said to be ______
A
Damping ; damped
8
Q
Critically damped oscillation will not complete a ______ _______
A
full cycle
9
Q
Finding dBIL: ___ log (Observed intensity / Reference intensity)
Finding dBSPL: ___ log (Observed SP / Reference SP)
A
10 ; 20
10
Q
Combining sound:
○ When two of the same sound
are combined the result is __ dB
greater
○ When two sound sources differing by __ dB are combined, the result is .__ dB greater than the source with the
higher intensity
A
3 ;10 ; .4
11
Q
Example: 1 leaf blower produces an intensity of 63 dB, what is the total intensity produced by:
■ 2 leaf blowers? → 66 dB
■ 4 leaf blowers? → 69 dB
■ 5 leaf blowers? → 70 dB
■ 8 leaf blowers? → 72 dB
■ 10 leaf blowers? → 73 dB
No answer ; Just Ex.
A
12
Q
Octave notation: f(sub)n
= __^n f(sub)o
where n is the number of the _______
A
2 ; Octave
13
Q
Periodic ______ over time at a rate equal to the ______ or fundamental frequency and has components
which are integer multiples of the fundamental
A
Repetes ; lowest ;
14
Q
Aperiodic vibratory patterns are _______; classified as noise or transients
A
Random
15
Q
Waveform is amplitude by _____ display,
no information about amplitude of harmonics of a complex tone
A
Time
16
Q
Spectra: amplitude by ________ display
A
Frequency
17
Q
Sound Propagation: sound can be -
○ ________ - returned back to the source
○ ________
○ _________
○ ________- bent around small objects
(RTAD) - hint
A
Reflected ; Transmitted ; Absorbed ; Diffracted
RTAD
18
Q
Inverse Square Law intensity ________ by _ dB for each doubling of distance from the source
A
Decreases ; 6
19
Q
Displacement antinode vs displacement node → ________ waves occur
○ ________: maximal vibration points (highest amplitude)
○ ______: no vibration (no amplitude)
A
Standing ; Antinode ; Node
20
Q
Signals are always detected in a _________ of noise, which varies randomly
A
Background
21
Q
Sensitivity: each trial- subject determines if the trial contained the noise or the signal plus the noise → seperation between the _ and the __ is d’ or _______
○ D’ = _ → a lot of overlap between the 2 distributions
○ D’ = _ → not much overlap between the 2 distributions
A
N ; SN ; sensitivity ; 3 ; 1
22
Q
Nonsensory variables affecting detection: (leading to response ______)
○ 1. _______ of stimulus occurrence
○ 2. ________ of response
A
bias ; probability ; consequences
23
Q
Four outcomes:
○ _____ (yes, when stimulus is present)
○ ______ (no, when stimulus is present)
○ ________ (yes, when no stimulus present)
○ _________ (no, when no stimulus present)
A
hit ; miss ; false alarm ; correct rejection
24
Q
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) = relationship between the ____
rate and _______ rate plotted on a chart
A
hit ; false alarm
25
As detectability increases, the ROC curve rises more ______
rapidly
26
Determines listener’s criterion →
Bottom of the curve, criterion is ____
Top of curve, criterion is _____
High ; low
27
Criterion (β) is O(sub)SN/O(sub)N (where O is the _______ value)
ordinate
28
Consequences of response: “_______”
○ Payoff for correct detection is high → hit + false alarms will ________
○ Payoff for correct rejection is high → hit + false alarms will _________
Payoffs ; increase ; decrease
29
Likelihood ratio: when the likelihood ratio is > 1.0 → more likely sample came from ____
SN
30
DLF = .002 x 4000 hz = ?
*In class
8.000 Hz - 8-12Hz
31
Listener picks their own likelihood ratio: sets a criterion
(β) when the sample is at or above β, the listener will choose __
SN
32
Optimal Criterion: value of the _________ _______ that results in
the best performance: p(N)/p(SN)
likelihood ratio
33
Detectability: d’
○ D’ is equal to the means of the SN and N distribution divided by the standard deviation of the N distribution
○ The criterion location on the noise distribution (N) is determined by subtracting the probability of false alarms
→ p (FA)— from 1.0, or 1.0 – p (FA) = ZN (z score)
○ The location on the SN distribution is 1.0 – p (H) = ZSN
○ d’ = ZN– ZSN (or, equivalently, d’ = Z (hit) – Z (false alarm)
no answer
34
Psychoacoustics: relates ________ stimulus (sound) to psychological response (sensation)
● Foundation of clinical audiology
physical
35
Absolute Threshold: __ %
Difference Threshold __% (subject to time & space errors)
50 ; 75
36
_____ Errors: different stimuli presented at different times are
subject to biasing effects caused by memory → counterbalance to
negate time errors
Time
37
______ Errors: different stimuli presented to two different places
(may choose right ear more often than left ear) → counterbalance
Space
38
What are the three classic methods of threshold measurement
Constant stimuli
Limits
Adjustment
39
Method of ______ ________: stimuli presented randomly, controlled by experimenter, absolute threshold is 50%
Constant stimuli
40
Method of _________ _______: stimuli presented randomly, controlled by experimenter, absolute threshold is __%
Difference threshold: subject judges which of the 2 stimuli produces a greater sensation, standard
(fixed) & comparison (varied) stimuli are _______ presented
2 difference thresholds:
upper DL = PSE to .__
lower DL is PSE to .__
Constant Stimuli ; 50%
randomly ; .75 ; .25
.5 point on the function (point where the subject is expected to say “less” or “more” and
equal number of times) = Point of Subjective Equality (PSE)
● PSE - standard = constant error (CE)
● CE= 0 and 1.0 → perfect discrimination
41
Method of ______: stimuli presented in discrete steps in ascending and descending runs, absolute threshold is the average across runs (transition points)
■ Subject to errors of ______ & ______
Difference Threshold:
● Interval of uncertainty (IU) is the mean UL minus the mean LL
● Difference limen is ½ the IU
● PSE is the midpoint of the IU
Limits ; habituation & expectation
42
Method of _______: stimuli controlled by subject &
continuously variable
■ Subject makes a large number of ascending and descending runs and “absolute” threshold is the
mean of the runs
■ Difference Threshold: subject adjusts until the comparison seems equal to the standard
● Standard deviation = difference limen
● Mean = PSE
● Constant Error = PSE - standard value
Adjustment
43
______: providing numerical value to describe some aspect of the stimulus:
○ Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
scaling
44
________ scaling: discrimination procedures
Indirect
45
__________ scales are based on that each JND was an equivalent unit of sensory magnitude; subject makes a series of judgments comparing two stimuli that slightly differ
● Paired comparison scales
Confusion
46
_______: decisions made directly about the stimulus
Direct
47
_________ Scales (Direct): subject partitions stimuli into equal intervals → equisection or category
scales
Partition
48
_______ Scaling: magnitude estimation, magnitude production, ratio estimation, ratio production
Ratio
49
Lower limit of sensitivity: _______Hz
Upper limit of sensitivity: ______Hz
20 ; 20,000
50
_________ ________ _______: assess thresholds for a large number of young, normal hearers across the range of audible frequencies; Values become audiometric ______.
Minimum Audibility Curve ; Zero
*plot the obtained values to make up the minimum audibility curve. Values become audiometric zero.
51
“Best” Sensitivity is the least _______ required to elicit a response at a frequency (_ kHz - _kHz)
intensity ; 2-5
52
What are the two methods of measurments in absolute & differential threholds
MAF & MAP/MAP-C
53
Variables influencing thresholds:
○ ____ vs ____ (head & body diffraction, masking by physiological noise, binaural vs monaural measures) ___ is slightly more sensitive
○
○
○
MAF & MAP/MAP-C ; MAF
○ ambient noise
○ calibration/transducer type
○ Subjects
54
What is the threshold of feeling & pain?
Do they vary with frequency?
130 dBSPL
140 dBSPL
They do not
55
Duration Effects:
○ As the duration of the tone decreases below 200-300 ms, power must be _______ for detection to occur
○ Power = ______/time
Below 200 ms:
■ For each 10-fold decrease in time → __ dB increase is needed
■ For each 2-fold decrease in time → _ dB increase is needed
○ Reasons for duration effects:
■ ________ integration of stimulus energy (a critical level is needed)
■ Integration of ______ activity
Increased ; energy ; 10 ; 3 ; temporal ; neural
56
Temporal Resolution is the ______ detectable time separation between signals
○ Critical for ________ ________
○ __________ __________ _______ tests used to assess this ability
smallest ; speech recognition ; gap detection threshold
57
_______ ________: ability to detect changes in a stimulus, assessed through the:
○ Method of _______
○ Method of ______
○ Method of ______
Differential sensitivity ; limits ; adjustment ; constant stimuli
58
The difference between the standard and variable stimuli is called the?
Difference limen or difference threshold
59
Proportional or relative detectable change in the stimulus = ______ ______ (∆Φ/Φ)
Webber Fraction
60
DLF = ._% (.00_) of the frequency → but DLF ______ approaching threshold
DLI = ._ - _ dB (constant over a range of frequencies) → again DLI increases approaching threshold and
improves with increasing level up to 100 dBSPL
.2% (.002) ; increasing
.5 to 1 dB
61
______: devices to separate out particular components of a complex wave
○ _____Pass
○ ____ Pass
○ ____ Pass
○ ____Reject
Filters
○Band Pass
○ Low Pass
○ High Pass
○ Band Reject
62
Filters can be ______ or _____
Analogy or digital
63
Analog filters use _______, ________ & _______
inductors, capacitors & resistors
64
digital are more _____
Precise
65
_______ ______: amplitude response of zero above or below the cut-off frequency & amplitude response of 1 at the passed frequencies
Ideal filter
66
Many filters are not ideal: the auditory filter has a _______ top and ______ sides
rounded ; sloping
67
Filters can be characterized by:
-
-
Cut-off frequency - (point on filter skirt at which signal energy is 50% of peak value—half-power or 3 dB down point)
Roll-off rate - (rate at which frequencies above or below cut-off frequency are rejected)
68
________ Noise: the spectrum level (LPC) of the noise is determined by dividing the overall SPL by the number of cycles in the noise, using the formula ____________
broadband ; LPC = OAL – 10 log BW
69
_________ _________ is the ability of the auditory system to separate out individual components of complex sounds, measured by using a masking _______
frequency selectivity ; paradigm
70
_________ is the process by which the threshold for one sound is raised by the presence of another sound or the amount by which the threshold is raised
Masking
71
________ _______ _______ is energy per unit time in a 1 Hz wideband of noise
AKA spectrum level (level per cycle)
Noise Power Density
72
Masking Patterns:
Masking grows in a _________ pattern on the ______ frequency end due to the nature of the ________ ______
nonlinear ; high ; BM
73
_________ _________ is when masking a tone with a broadband noise, only a narrow band of that noise contributes to the masking of the tone.
When a noise just masks a tone, the power of the noise in the band is equal to the power of the tone
○ Fletcher estimated the widths of the critical bands (critical ratios)
○ Critical Bands = _._x the Critical Ratio
Fletcher's Hypothesis
74
Auditory Filter has a _______ top and ______ edges
○ Listener responses vary when stimuli have bandwidth _______/______ than the CB
○ BM is the ______ auditory filter of the peripheral auditory system
rounded ; sloping ; narrower/wider ; Initial
75
_________ ________ ________ ; this is the bandwidth of a perfect rectangular filter with a passband of frequencies equal to a specific filter and transmitting the same power of white noise as that specific filter
○ Typically 10-17% of the center frequency for normal hearers at moderate levels
Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth (ERB)
76
_____ is sound with instantaneous amplitudes that vary over time
○ White noise is measured using:
1.
2.
○ Overall intensity is found using the formula:
1. Total power
2. Spectrum level
OAL = LPC + 10 log BW
77
Critical Bands: __ critical bands
○ The cochlea functions as a series of overlapping filters with bandwidths equal to the ____ _____
○ CB is less than ____ Hz at low frequencies to ___ octave at high frequencies
24 ; CB ; 100 Hz ; 1/3 octave
78
Filter Bandwidths:
○ Relative Bandwidth =
○ Q factor (tuning) =
BW / CF ; CF / BW
79
Psychophysical tuning curves:
○ When inverted → ______ _______
○ Vs neural tuning curves: very similar but not the same
■ PTC are _________, not _________
■ PTC are obtained behaviorally from a _____ of neurons, not a single neuron
auditory filter ; psychophysical ; physiological ; group
80
Measuring “Dead Regions”:
○ Thresholds are measured and plotted
○ Thresholds are re-measured in shaped, ipsilateral broadband noise (TEN noise)
○ Normal hearers & OHC damaged hearing loss will show equal thresholds in dBSPL with the masked threshold equal to the masker level
○ Dead regions: _____ thresholds will exceed unmasked threshold & expected masked threshold by >10 dB
Auditory filter _______ with increasing signal level:
TEN ; broadens
81
________ ________ _______ sometimes listeners make comparisons across auditory filters to enhance detection in noise, instead of using the filter centered closest to the signal frequency
Comodulation Masking Release
82
_______ _______ is the ability to detect a level increment of one component of a complex sound ; detection of the change of shape of the spectrum of a sound
○ Normal hearers are able to detect _-_ dB change in the relative level of the signal
Profile Analysis ; 1-2
83
Nonsimultaneous Masking:
○ ________ masking (post-stimulatory masking) masker occurs before the stimuli
○ _______ masking (pre-stimulatory masking) masker occurs after the stimuli
Forward ; Backward
84
________ is a subjective quality that depends on SPL but also on frequency, duration and amplitude
○ Cannot be measured directly but can be measured on a _____
○ Magnitude estimation, magnitude production & loudness matching techniques
Loudness ; scale
85
Loudness Level Contours → Fletcher Munson Curves (Phons)
○ Standard tone → 1000 Hz 40 dBSPL = __ phons
○ Comparison tone equally loud to a 1000 Hz tone tone of “n” dBSPL = “n” phons
○ Lower level curves follow the _______ _______ curve
○ Higher level curves show a flattening → mimicking the threshold of feeling
○ Lower frequencies grow in loudness ______ than higher frequencies
40 ; minimum audibility ; faster
86
Weighting of Sound Level Meters:
○ A scale = ___-____ phon contour
○ B scale = __ phon contour
○ C scale = more ______ (similar to SPL)
30-40 ; 70 ; linear
87
Loudness Scaling is __ dB increase in intensity (or 6 dB excluding bias effects) = _ fold increase in loudness
○ Techniques are subject to a number of confounding influences, including:
■ Range of ____
■ First _____
■ _______
■ Allowable ______ of _______
10 ; 2 ;
■ Range of stimuli
■ First stimulus
■ Instructions
■ Allowable range of responses
88
_______ is a unit of loudness where _ ____ = 1000 Hz tone at 40 dBSPL
○ 1000 Hz tone at 50 dBSPL is twice as loud or _ sones
sones ; 1 sone ; 2
89
Loudness perception is related to _______ _______ ______ (summed neural activity across critical bands)
total neural responses
90
Effect of Bandwidth on Loudness: (Loudness Summation)
○ A complex sound is louder when its bandwidth is > __ ___
○ if the component frequencies of a sound are in one auditory filter bandwidth, loudness comes from the ____ of the individual intensities
○ if the frequencies of the components are not within 1 CB, the loudness is the sum of the loudness of the _______ _______.
1 ERB ; Sum ; individual components
91
Temporal Integration of Loudness: up to ___-___ ms, loudness increases with duration
100-200
92
Detection of Intensity Changes: 3 methods what are they?
○ Modulation Detection
○ Increment Detection
○ Intensity Discrimination
93
_________ _______ stimulus is amplitude modulated in 1 interval and unmodulated in another- subject
indicates interval with modulation
modulation detection
94
_________ _______ :steady-state stimulus is presented, increment in level is superimposed on steady-state
stimulus-subject indicates interval w/ increment
Increment detection
95
_________ ________: 2 gated pulses of sound differing in intensity are presented- subject indicates which
interval contains the more intense signal
Explanations for intensity discrimination:
● Changes in ______ _____ rates at center of excitation pattern and spread of excitation pattern
● ________-______ of neurons
Intensity Discrimination; neural firing ; Phase-locking
96
________ ________ is the decline in response over time of a receptor to a steady stimulus
○ Only occurs for low level tones (< 30 dBSL)
○ _____ frequencies adapt more than ____
○ Steady sounds adapt more than modulated ones
○ Individuals vary in adaptation
Loudness Adaptation ; high ; lows
97
_______ ______ is tone decay & difference in thresholds for continuous & interrupted tones
Pathological adaptation
98
Post-stimulatory Auditory Fatigue / Temporary Threshold Shift
○ Factors influencing the size of TTS:
■ _______ of fatiguing stimulus (TTS increases with intensity)
■ _______ of fatiguing stimulus (increases with increased exposure)
■ Frequency of fatiguing stimulus (higher frequencies show greater TTS)
■ Frequency of the test stimulus
■ ______ between cessation of fatiguing stimulus and threshold measure
● Short term recovery: _______ ______
● Long term recovery: ______ _____ & metabolic changes
Intensity ; Duration ; time ; neural activity ; hair cell
99
________ _________ is tested via Alternate Binaural Loudness Balance (ABLB) or Monaural Loudness Balance test (MLB)
Loudness Recruitment
100
_________ _______ is the Ability to process stimuli in the order of occurrence
○ Important in auditory & _______ perception
○ Influenced by number of stimuli, sequence presentation, subject’s task, training
○ Evaluated by frequency or _______ ______ tasks
○ Ex: pitch pattern sequence, duration pattern sequency
Temporal Sequencing ; speech ; duration pattern
101
_________ ________ is the Ability to detect changes in stimuli over time—a brief gap between stimuli or a modulation in the stimulus
Two types of tests are used they are?
Temporal Resolution
○ Gap detection tests (thresholds are 2-3ms & increase near threshold)
○ Gaps-in-Noise test (normal = 6msec or less & 54% correct)
102
Gap detection tests and gaps-in-noise tests are good _________ and ___________ for CANS lesions
Good sensitivity and specificity for CANS lesions
103
Adaptive Clinical Test of Temporal Resolution (ATTR)
■ Findings: young children require ______ gaps than older children & adults, younger adults perform
better than older adults, gap detection is better in _______ channel conditions
wider ; within
104
Temporal Modulation Transfer Function (TMTF)
■ Sinusoidally amplitude modulated white noise: temporal resolution is measured as a function of
________ rate
■ Function relating threshold to modulation rate is called?
■ For modulation rates below 16 Hz, performance is limited by amplitude resolution of the ear; above
1000 Hz, modulation cannot be _____. So, sensitivity to amplitude modulation ________ as the
rate of modulation increases.
modulation ; temporal modulation transfer function ; detected ; decreases
105
Moore’s 4 Stage Model of limiting in temporal resolution tasks includes:
■ ________ Filtering
■ ________
■ ________ Integrator
■ ________ Device
■ Bandpass Filtering
■ Nonlinearity
■ Temporal Integrator
■ Decision Device
106
___________ ________/_______ is the Ability to sum information over time to enhance detection
Temporal Integration/Summation
107
________ _______depends primarily on frequency, but is also influenced by amplitude envelope, duration and other factors.
○ Basis of musical melody
Pitch Perception
108
Mel Scale: unit for subjective pitch
○ 1000 Hz 40 dB 40 phons → _____ mels
○ ______ mels in total cover the audible range
○ Pitch is not directly equivalent to ______ change
1000 ; 3500 ; frequency
109
Pitch and Intensity:
○ As intensity increases, pitch of a low frequency sound (<2000 Hz) ________
○ As intensity increases, pitch of a high frequency sound (>4000 Hz) ________
decreases ; increases
110
Theories of Pitch Perception: both contribute to pitch perception
○ ______ Theory: sounds are analyzed spectrally by the tonotopic organization of the basilar membrane
○ ______ Theory: timing pattern of neural impulses, pitch perception depends on the neural synchrony
Place ; Temporal
111
______ are when two tones of similar frequency (e.g., 500 Hz and 504 Hz) are played simultaneously, one tone of the average of the two (here, 502 Hz) will be perceived. This tone will appear to wax and wane in loudness at a rate equal to the difference between the two (here, 4 Hz).
Beats
112
The best beats are when the intensity of the 2 beats are _____, the beats will be louder
As the level difference increases, the loudness decreases
equal
113
Complex sounds
○ ______ ______ have harmonics, pitch closely corresponds to the pitch of the fundamental frequency
○ ______ _____ are when the lower harmonics are removed from the complex, the pitch still corresponds to that of
the missing fundamental
■ 2 models:
_________ _________ (frequency analysis) &
_________ _________ (timing intervals between neural firing)
periodic complexes ; virtual pitch ; pattern recognition ; temporal models
114
Pitch of Noise:
○
High pass and low pass filtered noise has a pitch corresponding to the _____-_____ frequency
○ ___________ noise has a pitch corresponding to the center frequency
cut-off ; narrowband
115
Moore’s Model of Pitch Perception: 5 stages
○ Bank of ______ filters
○ ______ transduction
○ Analysis of _____ intervals
○ Comparison of time intervals present across channels (to look for commonalities)
○ Decision mechanism picks most prominent interval
bandpass ; Neural ; spike
116
what are the benefits of Binaural Hearing?
-
-
-
○ Improved localization
○ Better detection and recognition of speech in noise
○ Slightly improved sensitivity and loudness summation
117
Binaural Summation is _ dB better thresholds in binaural condition than monaural
3
118
Binaural: sound can be presented to both ears
○ ______ is identical sound presented to both ears simultaneously
○ _______ is different sound presented to both ears simultaneously
diotic ; dichotic
119
Localization Cues: “______ Theory”
○ Interaural _____ differences (low frequencies diffract around the head)
○ Interaural ______ differences (high frequencies reflected)
■ Head casts a sound shadow on the ___ ear
Duplex ; time ; intensity ; far
120
________ of ________ is a sphere like imaginary cone projecting from the head, any sound source on the surface of the cone would produce the same interaural differences, difficult to localize the sound but with head movement this ambiguity is resolved
cone of confusion
121
Pinnae → Head Related _______ Function
○ Pinnae modify the spectra of sounds & the head and the pinnae together create a filter
*think virtual barbershop*
transfer ; direction-dependent
122
__________ is the first arriving sound wave at the tympanic membrane is critical in determining the location of a sound
○ Assists in localization
○ Assists in suppressing reflections arriving after the direct sound
precedence
123
○ _______/_____ Effect: when the incident sounds and reflected sounds reach our ears, the location of the sound is determined by the location of the first sound
Precedence/Haas Effect
124
_______ _______ is when we perceive a single sound image even though environmental sounds reach our 2 ears at different times and intensities and with different spectra
Binaural fusion
125
Binaural Beats:
○ When two ___ frequency tones very close in frequency are presented _______ the sound seems to move across the head
○ For _______ frequency differences, the sound seems to fluctuate in loudness (similar to physical beats, but the two phenomena are very different).
○ Binaural beats are related to the _______-related neural discharges at the two ears.
low ; dichotically ; higher ; phase
126
___________ _________ ________ (Release From Masking): when a noise and a signal tone are presented to one ear so that the tone is ______ masked by the noise, adding the same noise to the other ear will make the tone audible again.
Masking Level Differences ; just
127
For pure tones, the largest MLD effects are found at low frequencies (250-500 Hz) as follows:
■ NoSΠ 15 dB advantage
■ NΠSo 13 db advantage
■ NoSm 9 dB advantage
■ NΠSm 6 dB advantage
128
MLD for normal listeners is between _ and __ dB,
<_ is abnormal
8-12 dB ; <7
129
________ _______ is speech recognition with binaural hearing is poorer than unilateral speech performance
○ _________ binaural speech recognition is poorer than the poorer ear’s SRS
Binaural Interference ; Superinterference
130
______ is ”the attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which a listener can judge that two sounds similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar”
○ Perception of timbre is _______ - involves spectra and phases of the components of the sound
Timbre ; multidimensional
131
_______ Perception: The perceptual whole is more than just the sum of its parts
Sounds coming from the same source are perceptually grouped _______
Sounds coming from different sources are _______
Auditory ; together ;seperated
132
SOUND ______- Physical entity which gives rise to sound pressure waves
SOUND _____ – Percept of a group of successive/simultaneous sound elements (similar in pitch, loudness, timbre, time, or location) as a whole (coming from a single source)
Source ; STREAM
133
A rapid sequence of sounds grouped together → _______ or coherence
■ Used in ______ _____ in ______ noise
fusion ; gap detection ; broadband
134
A rapid sequence perceived as different streams → ______ or stream segregation
■ We can direct our attention to ___ stream at a time in auditory figure-ground
fission ; one
135
Different cues are used for grouping timbre, pitch, location, etc. Cues include:
○ _______ (particularly fundamental frequency differences)
○ _____ differences
○ Changes in _______ over time
○ Modulation of frequency or amplitude
○ Phase (space) differences (like MLD)
Spectrum ; Onset ; spectrum
136
________ _______quasi-periodic sound produced at glottis and resonated through vocal tract OR aperiodic sound as air passes through partly adducted folds
Vocal folds
137
_______ Perception: depends on acoustic cues, linguistic context & predictability
Speech
138
______ ______ aperiodic sounds generated as air passes through a narrow constriction or is momentarily stopped and released
Vocal tract
139
Vocal folds and vocal tract – mixture of _______ & ______
periodic and aperiodic
140
Spectrum of the glottal source: contains the fundamental frequency and harmonics, ______ in intensity at __ dB/octave
decreasing ; 12 dB/octave
141
Suprasegmentals:
○ _________: changes in fundamental frequency
○ ______: syllables with greater stress have higher fundamental, longer duration, greater amplitude
○ ______: duration difference marking the separation of words = juncture
Intonation ; Stress ; Timing
142
_________ vocal tract is a tube that resonates at _x its length and odd multiples
○ Varies according to articulator placement → formants
■ F_ is most affected by mouth opening
■ F_ most affected by size of the oral cavity
■ F_ more affected by front vs back constriction
○ Articulatorily: /i/ is a high, front vowel
/u/ is a high, back (rounded) vowel
/a/ is a low, back vowel
Resonance ; 4x ; 1 ; 2 ; 3
143
_________ analyze the spectrum of complex sounds that change over time
○ Wideband spectrograms: _____ to _____ filter
○ Narrowband spectrograms: ______ to _____ filter
Spectrograms ; 300 to 500 Hz ; 30 to 50 Hz
144
Is speech special?
Certain theories of speech perception maintain that there is a special “speech mode,” which is activated when we listen to speech.
These theories hold that the rate of speech is too rapid for auditory resolution, that there are no (or few) invariant acoustic cues to phonemes, and that the speech stream cannot be segmented.
145
Acoustic Cues:
○ _________ in acoustic patterns for phonemes depending on the following vowel
○ Ex: very different F2 transition in /di/ and /du/
■ But listener will still identify /d/ in both
Variability
146
Theories of Speech Perception: must account for -
○ Differing acoustics of _______ as produced by different speakers or in different contexts.
○ Listener’s ability to ________ the rapid acoustic sequences
speech ; segment
147
1. Auditory Theories of Speech Perception:
○ listeners are _______ to acoustic patterns/features
○ listeners match auditory ______ to a stored syllable/phoneme
○ particular _____ cells are responsive to particular parts of speech
sensitive ; patterns ; nerve
148
2. Motor Theories: speech sounds are encoded in the acoustic signal
○ Analysis by _______ Theory: listener analyzes speech by comparing it to an _______ model of his/her own
production
Synthesis ; auditory
149
○ Motor Theory of Speech Perception: seeks to account for
■ _____________ of acoustic signal (coarticulation, overlapping cues)
■ Lack of _________ of the acoustic signal (same frequency, different phonemes)
■ _______, efficient transmission of information
Nonsegmentability ; invariance ; Rapid
150
________ _______– Repetition of same word causes listener’s perception to change
Verbal Transformation
151
________ ________– If part of the speech signal is removed and replaced by a non-speech sound, listener perceptually restores the missing sound
Phonemic Restoration
152
Infant Studies→ exposure to native language influences infant’s perception of language after _ mos.
6
153
Psychoacoustic Effects of Hearing Loss: ?
-
-
-
- , , _____ Bands
-
-Applications to
-Applications to
○ Threshold loss
○ Loudness Recruitment
○ Pathological Adaptation
○ Frequency Selectivity, Masking, Critical Bands
○ Temporal Resolution
○ Applications to Hearing Aid Design
○ Applications to Cochlear Implants
