Final Passage ID's

Question 1

Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind,
But as for me, alas, I may no more.
The vain travail hath wearied me so sore,
I am of them that farthest cometh behind.
Yet may I, by no means, my wearied mind
Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore,
Fainting I follow. I leave off, therefore,
Since in a net I seek to hold the wind.
Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,
As well as I, may spend his time in vain.
And graven with diamonds in letters plain
There is written, her fair neck round about,
“Noli me tangere, for Caesar’s I am,
And wild for to hold, though I seem tame.”

Answer 1

Author: Wyatt
Title: Whoso List to Hunt

Significance:
She won’t be caught by anyone because she is off-limits for every man but Caesar, the emperor (could be code for the King of England)

Describes love as a hunt

This love is obsessive and all-consuming, but admits its useless to try and catch her

Octave was about the poet giving advice in hunting a woman, the sestet was about hunting this certain woman

Question 2

They flee from me, that sometime did me seek
With naked foot stalking in my chamber.
I have seen them gentle, tame, and meek,
That now are wild and do not remember
That sometime they put themself in danger
To take bread at my hand; and now they range,
Busily seeking with a continual change.

Thanked be fortune it hath been otherwise
Twenty times better; but once in special,
In thin array after a pleasant guise,
When her loose gown from her shoulders did fall,
And she me caught in her arms long and small,
Therewithal sweetly did me kiss
And softly said, “Dear heart, how like you this?”

It was no dream, I lay broad waking.
But all is turned thorough my gentleness,
Into a strange fashion of forsaking;
And I have leave to go, of her goodness,
And she also, to use newfangleness.
But since that I so kindly am served,
I fain would know what she hath deserved.

Answer 2

Author: Wyatt
Title: They Flee From Me

Significance:
o Stanza 1
He used to be really good with women but now they’re looking for something new

o Stanza 2 (No label on the slide)
Remembering when women were pursuing him
Remembers one special time
In this case, it’s the man who is in danger

o Stanza 3
This woman has forsaken him
• Bitter at one woman
Should have played harder to get or a role of a “bad boy”
Since he was served his punishment, he would like to know what her punishment should be
• He was gentle and faithful and gets punished
• Misogynistic

Question 3

One day I wrote her name upon the strand,
But came the waves and washèd it away:
Agayne I wrote it with a second hand,
But came the tyde, and made my paynes his pray.
“Vayne man,” said she, “that doest in vaine assay,
A mortall thing so to immortalize,
For I my selve shall lyke to this decay,
And eek my name bee wypèd out lykewize.”
“Not so,” quod I, “let baser things devize
To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame:
My verse your vertues rare shall eternize,
And in the heavens wryte your glorious name.
Where whenas death shall all the world subdew,
Our love shall live, and later life renew.”

Answer 3

Author: Spenser
Title: Amoretti

Significance:
 Writes in a clear iambic pentameter
 Deliberately using archaic English
 Lover is the one being hunted (writer is being hunted)
• Water washing his words away
 She is teasing him for trying to write her name in the sand
• Once she dies, her name will truly be wiped away
• Compares writing to her own body
• How can human poets immortalize something that is mortal?
 Writer responds saying his poetry is different
• His words will immortalize her and their love
• Poetry is stronger than just writing words in the sand

Question 4

Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,
That the dear She might take some pleasure of my pain,
Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,
Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain,
I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe,
Studying inventions fine, her wits to entertain,
Oft turning others’ leaves, to see if thence would flow
Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburned brain.
But words came halting forth, wanting Invention’s stay;
Invention, Nature’s child, fled step-dame Study’s blows,
And others’ feet still seemed but strangers in my way.
Thus great with child to speak, and helpless in my throes,
Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite,
“Fool,” said my Muse to me, “look in thy heart and write.”

Answer 4

Author: Spenser
Title: Astrophil and Stella

Significance:
 6 stresses / line (not pentameter)
 Wants to persuade this woman to love him back (This poem is true)
 Uses poetry, finds the right words, he can persuade her
 Has writer’s block, looking to others’ work to see if he could get inspired
• Rejects others work, saying they didn’t help
• Others’ work were just getting in his way, rejecting their conventions (cliché, act of rejection in itself is conventional)
• Be inspired by yourself, not others

Question 5

Not at first sight, nor with a dribbèd* shot,
Love gave the wound, which while I breathe will bleed,
But known worth did in mine of time proceed,
Till by degrees it had full conquest got.
I saw, and liked; I liked, but lovèd not;
I loved, but straight did not what Love decreed;
At length to Love’s decrees I, forced, agreed,
Yet with repining at so partial* lot.
Now even that footstep of lost liberty
Is gone, and now like slave-born Muscovite
I call it praise to suffer tyranny;
And now employ the remnant of my wit
To make myself believe that all is well,
While with a feeling skill I paint my hell.

Answer 5

Author: Spenser
Title: Astrophil and Stella

Significance
 Rejects love at first sight, saying he needed to be convinced
 Wasn’t shot by cupid’s arrow, but over time, love burrowed into his heart
 Compares love to suffering under a tyrant  conventional (poetic conceit)
• You have to subdue your own will and knowledge and convince your emotions to pursue love anyway

Question 6

O joy, too high for my low style to show,
O bliss, fit for a nobler state then me!
Envy, put out thine eyes, least thou do see
What oceans of delight in me do flow.
My friend, that oft saw through all masks my woe,
Come, come, and let me pour myself on thee:
Gone is the winter of my misery;
My spring appears, O see what here doth grow.
For Stella hath, with words where faith doth shine,
Of her high heart given me the monarchy:
I, I, O I may say, that she is mine.
And though she give but thus conditionly
This realm of bliss, while virtuous course I take,
No kings be crowned but they some covenants make.

Answer 6

Author: Spenser
Title: Astrophil and Stella

Significance:
 So happy he is getting some crumbs of love and she is not rejecting him
 Doesn’t have the poetry to describe what he is feeling
 Describing love was men conquering a battle (given me the monarchy)
 Attention on to him with repetitive I’s
 Won’t give him sex, but yet he still calls himself King

Question 7

When Sorrow (using mine own fire’s might)
Melts down his lead into my boiling breast,
Through that dark furnace to my heart oppressed,
There shines a joy from thee my only light;
But soon as thought of thee breeds my delight,
And my young soul flutters to thee, his nest,
Most rude Despair, my daily unbidden guest,
Clips straight my wings, straight wraps me in his night,
And makes me then bow down my head, and say,
“Ah what does Phoebus’ gold that wretch avail,
Whom iron doors do keep from use of day?
”So strangely (alas) thy works in me prevail,
That in my woes for thee thou art my joy,
And in my joys for thee my only annoy.

Answer 7

Author: Spenser
Title: Astrophil and Stella

Significance:
 Back to sorrow (heart is burning inside)
 Every time he thinks of her, despair takes over and clips his wings
 Isn’t entirely clear where the sonnet sequence should end (doesn’t have a clear plot, so it doesn’t have a clear point of closure)
• Eternal paradox
• Poet needs the lady to keep rejecting the man in order to keep writing even though the man desperately wants acceptance and love.

Question 8

From fairest creatures wedesire increase,
That thereby beauty’s rose might never die,
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory;
But thou, contracted* to thine own bright eyes,
Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament,
And only* herald to the gaudy spring,
Within thine own bud buriest thy content
And, tender churl,* mak’st waste in niggarding.
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.

Answer 8

Author: Shakespeare
Title: Sonnet

Significance:
 Borrowing from Petrarchan sonnets somewhat
• How to preserve beauty if we are all mortal?
• You should have sex and produce heirs
o Unlike Petrarchan, which praises chastity
• Lots of oxymorons (pairings of words that don’t go together)
• Beauty will live on through their children
o Heir will remember his personality and will bear resemblance of his looks
• Word “increase” could be reference to God to increase and multiply
o Then “decease” reference of death, rhyming these to focus on these themes
• First line avoids the first person singular
o Goes against most of sonnets we’ve read so far
o Something everyone wants, “we”, “Pity the world”

Question 9

A woman’s face with Nature’s own hand painted
Hast thou, the master mistress of my passion;
A woman’s gentle heart but not acquainted
With shifting change as is false women’s fashion;
An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling,
Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth;
A man in hue all hues in his controlling,
Which steals men’s eyesand women’s souls amazeth.
And for a woman wert thou first created,
Till Nature as she wrought thee fell a-doting,
And by addition me of thee defeated,
By adding one thing to my purpose nothing.
But since she pricked thee out for women’s pleasure,
Mine be thy love, and thy love’s use* their treasure.

Answer 9

Author: Shakespeare
Title: Sonnet

Significance
 Describing a man
• Saying Nature gave him the face of a woman
• Has a woman’s gentle heart, but is more faithful than a woman
• Eyes brighter, but less false in looking around (roving)
• Face draws attention of men’s eyes and amazes women’s souls
• Nature was going to make you a woman but fell in love with you and made you a man
o Nature personified as a woman
o Ending is clearly sexual, as the man will love him, and woman will use him for sexual pleasure.
• Misogynistic
o First line reference to the subject not needing make-up
o Woman can use make-up and falsify their beauty
o Continues in the next couple lines with reference to unfaithfulness and roaming eyes
o Eyes vs souls
 Men don’t need souls to be affected because theirs are already better
o Pricked thee out
 Subject has one thing that doesn’t affect him, it’s a waste to him
 Rejects that he wants part in a sexual relationship
 Sexual identity changes over time
• Always getting different labels
• Doesn’t mean Shakespeare could be labeled as queer or gay or any label used today
o Being interested in men maybe didn’t mean what it did back then what it meant today

Question 10

My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damask’d, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
Music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.

Answer 10

Author: Shakespeare
Title: Sonnet

Significance: 
	Dark Lady Poem
	Shakespeare drifting from tradition
•	Woman is described as beautiful even though she has dark hair and dark eyes
	Anti-Blazon
	Speaker admits woman’s flaws
•	Nothing like the sun
•	Nothing light about her
•	Breath is not as beautiful as perfume

Question 11

Busy old fool, unruly sun,
Why dost thou thus,
Through windows, and through curtains call on us?
Must to thy motions lovers’ seasons run?
Saucy pedantic wretch, go chide
Late school boys and sour prentices,
Go tell court huntsmen that the king will ride,
Call country ants to harvest offices,
Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,
Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.

Answer 11

Author: Donne
Title: The Sun Rising

Significance:
o Speaker chastising the sun for rising
o Lovers had spent the night together, and now have to leave the bed and the speaker isn’t happy about it
o Play on the morning song
 Instead of wishing it to go away, the speaker attacks it
 Calls it unruly, then contradicts by calling it pedantic (extreme rule following)
 Be in charge of schoolboys, not the speaker
 Who is subject to rules of time?
• Do lovers have to obey the rules of time and the sun?
• Speaker says love doesn’t know seasons or time
o Rejects that lovers have to follow earthly time
o Missing the lady, focusing on the sun, the only time she is referred to is when the speaker references “us”

Question 12

She’s all states, and all princes I,
Nothing else is.
Princes do but play us; compared to this,
All honor’s mimic, all wealth alchemy.
Thou, sun, art half as happy as we,
In that the world’s contracted thus.
Thine age asks ease, and since thy duties be
To warm the world, that’s done in warming us.
Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere;
This bed thy center is, these walls, thy sphere.

Answer 12

Author: Donne
Title: The Sun Rising

Significance:
o She is all states, and he is all princes
 He rules her
 England is colonizing and expanding
 Focuses on them, shutting out the rest of the world
 Differs from Petrarchan lovers, who don’t get physical contact at all
 Donne and other use concrete metaphors, nothing abstract

Uses the Ptolemaic model to call themselves the center of attention/universe

Question 13

For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love,
Or chide my palsy, or my gout,
My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune flout,
With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve,
Take you a course, get you a place, Observe his honor, or his grace,
Or the king’s real, or his stampèd face
Contemplate; what you will, approve,
So you will let me love.

Answer 13

Author: Donne
Title: The Canonization

Significance:
o Tells some to shut up, and leave him alone, or if you mock, mock his physical ailments
o Or go better yourself instead of mocking others
o Again, defending leaving lovers out of the rest of the world

Question 14

Call us what you will, we are made such by love;
Call her one, me another fly,
We’re taperstoo, and at our own cost die,
And we in us find the eagle and the dove.
The phœnix riddle hath more wit
By us: we two being one, are it.
So, to one neutral thing both sexes fit.
We die and rise the same, and prove Mysterious by this love.

Answer 14

Author: Donne
Title: The Canonization

Signifcance:
o Set aside gender, sex, and such. Call us flies or candles
o Lose their individuality and mend together
o Passing the tests to become saints, when they die they rise

Question 15

Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store, Though foolishly he lost the same,
Decaying more and more
Till he became 5
Most poor:
With thee
O let me rise
As larks, harmoniously,
And sing this day thy victories:
Then shall the fall further the flight in me.

My tender age in sorrow did begin:
And still with sicknesses and shame
Thou didst so punish sin
That I became 15
Most thin.
With thee
Let me combine,
And feel this day thy victory:
For, if I imp my wing on thine,
Affliction shall advance the flight in me.

Answer 15

Author: Herbert
Title: Bird Wings Poem

Significance:
 Store and more rhyme scheme on the way down
 Harmoniously and me, rise and victories on the build back up.
 Word choice turns from negative to positive
 God gave man everything, but man wasted it
 Superlatives: most poor
 Shall the fall advance the flight in me (reference to Christ’s sacrifice)
• Image supports predictability
• Can trust that man will rise again

Question 16

Who says that fictions only and false hair
Become a verse? Is there in truth no beauty?
Is all good structure in a winding stair?
May no lines pass, except they do their duty
Not to a true, but painted chair?

Is it no verse, except enchanted groves
And sudden arbors shadow coarse-spun lines?
Must purling* streams refresh a lovers loves?
Must all be veiled, while he that reads, divines,
Catching the sense at two removes?

Shepherds are honest people: let them sing;
Riddle who list, for me, and pull for prime:
I envy no man’s nightingale or spring;
Nor let them punish me with loss of rhyme,
Who plainly say, My God, My King.

Answer 16

Author: Herbert
Title: Jordan

Significance:
 Asking/critiquing the poetic tradition
 Does beauty need to be truth
 Laments in opening lines that other poet celebrate fictions and make-up
 Argues poetry can be written about new subjects and in new forms
 No lines go past a thrown without bowing, do we have to pay homage to the representation of the king? Do you have to write the right lines of poetry to pass censorship laws.
• We shouldn’t worship the earthly king, but only God.
 Does poetry have to be in a set location?
 Why do we have to have a vail over proclamation of love and not directly say it to them?
 Calling for true and simple poetry with complicated and somewhat obscure poetry
• Could be telling us the truth but saying its dangerous
• Only way to speak truth to power is to not speak plainly

Question 17

How vainly men themselves amaze 
To win the palm, the oak, or bays, 
And their uncessant labours see 
Crowned from some single herb or tree,       
Whose short and narrow-vergèd shade 
Does prudently their toils upbraid; 
While all flowers and all trees do close 
To weave the garlands of repose!

Answer 17

Author: Marvell
Title: The Garden

Significance:
o Humans foolishly seek to win awards, but nature itself is what people should be seeking.
 People do this vainly and in vain
 Doing it just for one of those things, they represent a short and narrow shade, which wouldn’t be comfortable.

Question 18

What wondrous life is this I lead! 
Ripe apples drop about my head;  
The luscious clusters of the vine 
Upon my mouth do crush their wine; 
The nectarine and curious peach 
Into my hands themselves do reach; 
Stumblingon melons as I pass, 
Ensnared with flowers, I fall on grass. 

Meanwhile the mind, from pleasure less, 
Withdraws into its happiness; 
The mind, that ocean where each kind 
Does straight its own resemblance find, 
Yet it creates, transcending these, 
Far other worlds, and other seas,
Annihilating all that’s made 
To a green thought in a green shade.

Answer 18

Author: Marvell
Title: The Garden

Significance:
 Garden represents the true place for the arts and is superior to all the outside desires of the world
 Edenic garden means a fault
 First stanza on the slide is stating it is an Edenic garden  everything is wonderful and full of bounty, but on the last two lines you see a hint of the fall.
• Trapped by flowers and falling on grass  might fall from grace or commit sin in some way
• In efforts to make the garden perfect is a fault in its own
• This garden can draw the mind away from reality

Question 19

Such was that happy garden-state, 
While man there walked without a mate; 
After a place so pure and sweet, 
What other help could yet be meet! 
But ’twas beyond a mortal’s share
To wander solitary there: 
Two paradises ’twere in one 
To live in paradise alone.

Answer 19

Author: Marvell
Title: The Garden

Significance:
 Criticism of love
 Love is not superior to the world of the garden
 Eden would have been so much better if it was just man
 It would have better to be alone but Adam couldn’t handle it so he asked God to create Eve
 The speaker in this Garden is alone, not authority to judge him, no vain to fall into, no woman to tempt an apple with, just his own fruitful imagination.

Question 20

Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing Heav’nly Muse, that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed,
In the beginning how the heav’ns and earth
Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa’s brook that flowed
Fast by the oracle of God; I thence
Invoke thy aidto my advent’rous song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above th’ Aonian mount, while it pursues
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.

Answer 20

Author: Milton
Title: Paradise Lost

Significance:
o Way of showing off, first 16 lines is one sentence
o First main verb isn’t until line six (sing)
o First line declares what the story is about
 Line six requests that it is sung about
 Speakers poem will not take the middle flight, it will soar
• Not going to follow the rules like Icarus (who ended up dying)
• But his poem is different, it can refuse tradition, it won’t fail
• Contradicts the first disobedience
• Humans have free will to obey or disobey
o This allows for redemption
• How do you talk about the authority of God without supporting Kings (supporting one mortal person that restores human kind)
o Milton was against Kings
o Milton supporting restoration by Christ not Kings.

Question 21

And chiefly thou O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples th’ upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for thou know’st; thou from the first
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread
Dove-like sat’st brooding on the vast Abyss
And mad’st it pregnant: what in me is dark
Illumine, what is low raise and support;
That to the height of this great argument
I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.

Answer 21

Author: Milton
Title: Paradise Lost

Significance:
o Educate and knowledge
o Obviously wasn’t there, but muse was, so educate the speaker on the event
o I don’t have the knowledge/skill to tell this store so he’s asking for help from the muse, but there is some ego involved
o Echo of God creating the world, but Milton asks for some light too on his poem
o Last two lines ask for the ability to justify what God did to man.

 I’m going to defend God’s plan
 Eternal Providence  knows what will happen
• Why does God allow the fall and acts of evil to happen?
 Justify def: To show or maintain the justice or reasonableness of (an action, claim, etc.); to adduce adequate grounds for; to defend as right or proper

Question 22

Him God beholding from his prospect high,
Wherein past, present, future he beholds,
Thus to his only Son foreseeing spake. (3.77-79)

…so will fall
He and his faithless progeny: whose fault?
Whose but his own? Ingrate, he had of me
All he could have; I made him just and right,
Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall.
Such I created all th’ ethereal Powers
And Spirits, both them who stood and them who failed;
Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. (3.95-102)

Answer 22

Author: Milton
Title: Paradise Lost

Significance:
 God sees everything, so he sees all time, including the future
 God blames man for the fall
 If you know its going to happen, why not stop it or intervene in some way?
 God is saying his foreknowledge did not cause this to happen

Question 23

They therefore as to right belonged,
So were created, nor can justly accuse
Their Maker, or their making, or their fate,
As if predestination overruled
Their will, disposed by absolute decree
Or high foreknowledge; they themselves decreed
Their own revolt, not I: if I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault,
Which had no less proved certain unforeknown.
So without least impulse or shadow of fate,
Or aught by me immutably foreseen,
They trespass, authors to themselves in all
Both what they judge and what they choose; for so
I formed them free, and free they must remain,
Till they enthrall themselves: I else must change
Their nature, and revoke the high decree
Unchangeable, eternal, which ordained
Their freedom, they themselves ordained their fall.

Answer 23

Author: Milton
Title: Paradise Lost

Significance:
 God sees everything, so he sees all time, including the future
 God blames man for the fall
 If you know its going to happen, why not stop it or intervene in some way?
 God is saying his foreknowledge did not cause this to happen

Question 24

Beyond compare the Son of God was seen
Most glorious, in him all his Father shone
Substantially expressed, and in his face
Divine compassion visibly appeared,
Love without end, and without measure grace,
Which uttering thus he to his Father spake.
“O Father, gracious was that word which closed
Thy sov’reign sentence, that man should find grace;(3.138-45)

Answer 24

Author: Milton
Title: Paradise Lost

Significance:
Christ's Mercy
	God being reflected in his son
	Looks very good
	Figure for love, mercy, and compassion

Question 25

To whom the great Creator thus replied. “Son, in whom my soul hath chief delight, Son of my bosom, Son who art alone My word, my wisdom, and effectual might, All hast thou spoken as my thoughts are, all As my eternal purpose hath decreed: Man shall not quite be lost, but saved who will, Yet not of will in him, but grace in me Freely vouchsafed (3.167-75)

Answer 25

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost ``` Significance: God's softer side?  More repetition  Continued use of “son”  God doesn’t want man to be lost, but some of them will be saved through their choice, and because of God’s choice ```

Question 26

His words here ended, but his meek aspéct Silent yet spake, and breathed immortal love To mortal men, above which only shone Filial obedience: as a sacrifice Glad to be offered, he attends the will Of his great Father. (3.266-271)

Answer 26

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Christ’s choice  Out of love, he will go and become man and become resurrected  Evil exists in the world because of disobedience

Question 27

...horror and doubt distract His troubled thoughts, and from the bottom stir The Hell within him; for within him Hell He brings, and round about him, nor from Hell One step no more than from himself can fly By change of place: now conscience wakes despair That slumbered, wakes the bitter memory Of what he was, what is, and what must be Worse; of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue.

Answer 27

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: o Satan realizes he can’t escape hell because it’s a psychological state o Does Satan have a conscience here? o Maybe not heroic but possibly sympathetic

Question 28

Ah, wherefore! He deserved no such return From me, whom he created what I was In that bright eminence, and with his good Upbraided none; nor was his service hard. (4.42-45) Hadst thou the same free will and power to stand? Thou hadst: whom hast thou then or what to accuse, But Heav’n’s free love dealt equally to all?.... Nay cursed be thou (4.66-71)

Answer 28

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost ``` Significance: o Why did I rebel? God didn’t deserve it o It wasn’t that bad serving God o Obedience wasn’t so bad o Tinge of regret o Satan had the same free will to not rebel o Satan blames himself ```

Question 29

When I consider how my light is spent, Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, And that one talent which is death to hide Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent To serve therewith my Maker, and present My true account, lest he returning chide;“ Doth God exact day-labor, light denied? ”I fondly* ask; but Patience to prevent* That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need Either man’s work or his own gifts; who best Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state Is kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed And post o’er land and ocean without rest: They also serve who only stand and wait.” Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall. Such I created all th’ ethereal Powers And Spirits, both them who stood and them who failed; Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. (3.99–102) Hadst thou the same free will and power to stand? (4.66) This my long suffering and my day of grace They who neglect and scorn, shall never taste; But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more, That they may stumble on, and deeper fall; And none but such from mercy I exclude. (3.198–201)

Answer 29

Author: Milton Title: When I Consider How My Light is Spent Second passages from Milton Significance:  Labor is necessary for salvation • What kind of labor is that supposed to be?  With the vision impairment, the soul has to work harder for salvation  Compared with the labor Adam and Eve have to do to in Paradise Lost  Stand and wait in Milton poem compares to paradise lost as “to stand” means to be loyal to God • Being blind does not hinder Milton in being faithful to God • Literal blindness compared to metaphorical blindness o Being blind in both ways can earn you damnation in God’s eyes (from slide 3.198-201)  Comparing Milton saying he can’t see the light with Satan saying he hates the sun because he used to be brighter than the sun. • Milton rejects that because the light is lost, all is lost o Think about the sympathy towards Satan

Question 30

When I behold this goodly frame,* this world Of heav'n and earth consisting, and compute Their magnitudes, this earth a spot, a grain, An atom, with the firmament compared And all her numbered stars, that seem to roll Spaces incomprehensible (for such Their distance argues and their swift return Diurnal) merely to officiate light Round this opacous Earth, this punctual spot, One day and night; in all their vast survey Useless besides, reasoning I oft admire, How Nature wise and frugal could commit Such disproportions

Answer 30

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Adam’s Cosmology (slide)  Why create light to supply this dark earth?  Why create light to support this one point in the cosmos? • Following the Ptolemaic model (everything runs around the earth) • At the time Paradise Lost was being written, this model was being heavily challenged • So Adam believes in a Ptolemaic model o Milton knew about the new model o So, Adam’s knowledge is limited o Everything in the Earth is so tiny but everything revolves around it?  He is told God has done it for a reason and is just concealing it from man  He is told to not worry about it, because it is not for human knowledge • Be happy with what you have and what you have been told

Question 31

But whether thus these things, or whether not, Whether the sun predominant in heav'n Rise on the earth, or earth rise on the sun... Solicit* not thy thoughts with matters hid, Leave them to God above, him serve and fear; Of other creatures, as him pleases best, Wherever placed, let him dispose: joy thou In what he gives to thee, this Paradise And thy faire Eve; heav'n is for thee too high To know what passes there; be lowly wise: Think only what concerns thee and thy being; Dream not of other worlds, what creatures there Live, in what state, condition or degree, Contented that thus far hath been revealed Not of earth only but of highest Heav'n.

Answer 31

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Knowledge in Moderation (slide)  Leave God to his own, and be happy with what knowledge he gives you and do not disobey  It’s a warning, don’t seek to know too much. • Something is coming, and Adam and Eve need to stand strong (spoiler alert: they don’t) o Dangerous knowledge?

Question 32

Two of far nobler shape erect and tall, Godlike erect, with native honor clad In naked majesty seemed lords of all, And worthy seemed, for in their looks divine The image of their glorious Maker shone, Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure, Severe, but in true filial freedom placed, Whence true authority in men; though both Not equal, as their sex not equal seemed; For contemplation he and valor formed, For softness she and sweet attractive grace; He for God only, she for God in him.

Answer 32

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance:  Erectness in first two lines • Physically standing or spiritually standing  Are Adam and Eve equal? • Both look of the image of God • But, sex is not equal • He, men, were created for contemplation and valor • She, women, for softness and sweet attractive grace o This is from Satan’s POV, as he is trying to understand them o Adam is made in the image of God, Eve made from Adam

Question 33

I now see Bone of my bone, flesh of my flesh, my self Before me; woman is her name, of man Extracted; for this cause he shall forgo Father and mother, and to his wife adhere; And they shall be one flesh, one heart, one soul.

Answer 33

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance:  Adam restates that woman is made from man (use to saying he is superior)  Places woman subordinate to man • Adds to genesis 2… adds “sees myself” as well as “one heart, one soul” o Intensifies the relation between Adam and Eve o Sees himself in her o Sexual desire isn’t enough to be united, in idea of marriage

Question 34

...what we by day Lop overgrown, or prune, or prop, or bind, One night or two with wanton* growth derides Tending to wild. Thou therefore now advise Or hear what to my mind first thoughts present, Let us divide our labors, thou where choice Leads thee, or where most needs... For while so near each other thus all day Our task we choose, what wonder if so near Looks intervene and smiles, or object new Casual discourse draw on, which intermits Our day’s work brought to little, though begun Early, and th' hour of supper comes unearned.

Answer 34

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Division of Labor from Eve's perspective  Separate after argument about division of labor  Plants growing too fast, can’t keep atheistic appearance of the Garden • Eve wants to split up and each do more on there own • Adam wants stick together to keep company  Eve says they have been given so much, and the garden will grow wild if they let it • More than they can handle • If they spend time together, they’ll get distracted by conversation and flirting and suffering will go unearned • Proto-capitalist, if they don’t do enough, they won’t have earned their keep o England was becoming more capitalist at the time o More division of the classes through it

Question 35

Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposed Labor, as to debar us when we need Refreshment, whether food, or talk between, Food of the mind, or this sweet intercourse Of looks and smiles.... For not to irksome toil, but to delight He made us, and delight to reason joined. These paths and bowers doubt not but our joint hands Will keep from wilderness with ease, as wide As we need walk, till younger hands ere long Assist us

Answer 35

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance:  Adam advocates for sharing the labor  Its okay to take brakes as the lord has not imposed labor  God made them for delight, not labor • That comes before the fall, after… not so much • Adam represents a feudal state, where a lord gives land in exchange for labor o How much you labor is how much you get o Eve’s suggest of division leads to the argument

Question 36

leave not the faithful side That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects. The wife, where danger or dishonor lurks, Safest and seemliest by her husband stays, Who guards her, or with her the worst endures.

Answer 36

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Adam annoys Eve  Adam ends the idea of equality in their argument by saying he needs to protect her from dangers… from temptation  Says he gave her being, that she is in his debt from the taking of his rib  Women need men to protect them  Foreshadowing of eating the apple from “with her the worst endures  Is Adam playacting Eve, or does Adam really need Eve by his side? (Uxorious)

Question 37

If this be our condition, thus to dwell In narrow circuit straitened* by a foe, Subtle or violent, we not endued Single with like defense, wherever met, How are we happy, still* in fear of harm? But harm precedes not sin: only our foe Tempting affronts us with his foul esteem Of our integrity: his foul esteem Sticks no dishonor on our front, but turns Foul on himself; then wherefore shunned or feared By us? who rather double honor gain From his surmise proved false, find peace within, Favor from Heav'n, our witness from th' event. And what is faith, love, virtue unassayed Alone, without exterior help sustained?

Answer 37

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Eve as Heroine?  She wants to be tested, and if she is tested, she’ll be better for it  How can we be happy if we always live in fear of what could come? • Why not test and prove that fear wrong • Double honor could be gained by withstanding the temptation • Sounds like Satan, like if he is trapped in hell, there is no other option but to attack earth, much like Eve saying what is happiness if they are trapped on this narrow path o Problematically proud

Question 38

Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve.... trial will come unsought. Wouldst thou approve thy constancy, approve First thy obedience; th' other who can know, Not seeing thee attempted, who attest? But if thou think, trial unsought may find Us both securer than thus warned thou seemest, Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more; Go in thy native innocence, rely On what thou hast of virtue, summon all, For God towards thee hath done his part, do thine.

Answer 38

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Adam Shifts?  Adam submits and says if she wants to go, then to just go  We have free will, so trials will come whether we seek them or not  If you really want to prove yourself, seek obedience, not temptation  But then backpedals and says go if you must. God has done his part, go and do yours

Question 39

Or will God incense his ire For such a petty trespass, and not praise Rather your dauntless virtue, whom the pain Of death denounced, whatever thing death be, Deterred not from achieving what might lead To happier life, knowledge of good and evil; Of good, how just? Of evil, if what is evil Be real, why not known, since easier shunned? God therefore cannot hurt ye, and be just; Not just, not God; not feared then, nor obeyed

Answer 39

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Satan as persuasive orator?  God won’t be mad, he’ll praise you for facing death and being courageous  If you’re barred from the knowledge of good and evil, how is it just and won’t it be easier to avoid evil if you know it when you see it  God cannot punish you and still be just, and if he is not just, then he cannot be obeyed

Question 40

In plain then, what forbids he but to know, Forbids us good, forbids us to be wise? Such prohibitions bind not. But if Death Bind us with after-bands, what profits then Our inward freedom? ...yet that one beast which first Hath tasted, envies not, but brings with joy The good befall'n him, author unsuspect, Friendly to man, far from deceit or guile. What fear I then, rather what know to fear Under this ignorance of good and evil, Of God or death, of law or penalty?

Answer 40

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Eve's resolve  Thinks the serpent is good, and instead of being envious, wants to be friendly to man  She can’t know what good and evil is if she doesn’t eat  Yet she has been warned, so she knows what good is, ergo what bad is

Question 41

So saying, her rash hand in evil hour Forth reaching to the Fruit, she plucked, she eat.... for Eve Intent now wholly on her taste, naught else Regarded, such delight till then, as seemed, In fruit she never tasted, whether true Or fancied so, through expectation high Of knowledge, nor was godhead from her thought. Greedily she engorged without restraint, And knew not eating death

Answer 41

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance:  Rash hand—to quickly  Hands are very important in this story • Show togetherness when Adam and Eve hold hands and also problems like here were she plucks the apple • Body has finalized the decision rather than her mind • As she eats, she becomes totally obsessed with the sensory of the fruit o Whether it’s the best fruit, we do not know, but her mind had set it up to be the best fruit o As she eats, she cannot trust her senses o After the fall, how could anything we discover know as the actual truth o Replaces reason with passion

Question 42

...for with thee Certain my resolution is to die; How can I live without thee, how forgo Thy sweet converse and love so dearly joined, To live again in these wild woods forlorn? Should God create another Eve, and I Another rib afford, yet loss of thee Would never from my heart; no no, I feel The link of nature draw me: flesh of flesh, Bone of my bone thou art, and from thy state Mine never shall be parted, bliss or woe. Our state cannot be severed, we are one, One flesh; to lose thee were to lose my self.

Answer 42

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Adam's Uxoriousness  Because he doesn’t want to be alone and return to the state of before Eve  Blames Eve for her decision because by eating the fruit, she has ruined him too  Even if God created another Eve, he will still miss the first  “To lose thee were to lose my self.”  Satan uses a kind of courtly love to woo Eve, and in a way, Adam gets caught up in that  Repeats marriage vows from Genesis  May Adam is being obedient to his marriage vows by eating the apple, but he puts those vows before his vow to God

Question 43

Adam, from whose dear side I boast me sprung, And gladly of our union hear thee speak, One heart, one soul in both; whereof good proof This day affords, declaring thee resolved, Rather than death or aught than death more dread Shall separate us, linked in love so dear, To undergo with me one guilt, one crime, If any be, of tasting this fair fruit... She gave him of that fair enticing fruit With liberal hand: he scrupled not to eat Against his better knowledge, not deceived, But fondly* overcome with female charm.

Answer 43

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Eve renews her vows: Adam eats  Adds back in the original saying of the vows of “one heart, one soul” which Adam excluded  Here, Eve becomes like Satan, using deceitful language to tempt Adam to eat it  Eve tempts Adam so they can be equal and remind him of their union • But also united by “one guilt, one crime”  Eve says the real test that God has given is that their united, because she has failed every other test he has given her, so she is trying to compensate  Miltonic speaker says that Eve doesn’t convince her but that his feelings for Eve guided him • “Against his better knowledge, not deceived”

Question 44

Upon thy belly groveling thou shalt go, And dust shalt eat all the days of thy life. Between thee and the woman I will put Enmity, and between thine and her Seed; Her Seed shall bruise thy head, thou bruise his heel

Answer 44

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Lessons learned • Snake now can only crawl on its belly • Adam has to work the fields to create food, as the garden won’t make food for them • Eve has to go through the pain of child labor

Question 45

She ended weeping, and her lowly plight Immovable till peace obtained from fault Acknowledged and deplored, in Adam wrought Commiseration; soon his heart relented Towards her, his life so late and sole delight, Now at his feet submissive in distress, Creature so fair his reconcilement seeking, His counsel whom she had displeased, his aid As one disarmed, his anger all he lost...

Answer 45

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Eve saves Adam/Reunited • Eve is begging Adam for mercy, won’t move off the ground until he has given it • Adam forgives her knowing at one point she was his live • Woman is responsible for the fall and the redemption (Eve and Mary) o Eve redeems Adam by pulling him out of his suicidal slump • What Satan doesn’t realize is that Adam and Eve can go to God and ask for mercy which is what they do.

Question 46

Michael: ...then wilt thou not be loath To leave this Paradise, but shalt possess A paradise within thee, happier far. ``` Adam: Henceforth I learn, that to obey is best, And love with fear the only God... and on him sole depend, Merciful over all his works, with good Still overcoming evil... ```

Answer 46

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Reunion, Life Post-Fall • Michael speaking to Adam that Paradise is a physiological state that you can take with you everywhere you go • Adam saying that to obey is best

Question 47

The world was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide: They hand in hand with wand’ring steps and slow, Through Eden took their solitary way.

Answer 47

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Reunion/Consolation • Hands are joined again • Suggests a union, not really equality • Where they chose to go is up to them, except they cannot go back to Eden • Given agency to choose • Solitary way – before they were guided by an angel, now they guide themselves, besides God (Providence)

Question 48

There oft the Indian herdsman shunning heat Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds At loopholes cut through thickest shade: those leaves They gathered, broad as Amazonian targe, And with what skill they had, together sewed, To gird their waist, vain covering if to hide Their guilt and dreaded shame. O how unlike To that first naked Glory. Such of late Columbus found th'American so girt With feathered cincture,* naked else and wild Among the trees on isles and woody shores.

Answer 48

Author: Milton Title: Paradise Lost Significance: Empire?  Adam and Eve try to make clothing like the Native people of the Americas made clothing  Milton doesn’t usually look to the West to write, sticks to Eastern countries  Satan is described as a conqueror… America is described as Adam and Eve and Satan is coming to take over. Colonization is evil • Could be the other way around  Pro-empire as Adam and Eve represent the leaders of the new world (Native Americans) • And the clothing represents, in this case, that they could also be conquered

Question 49

I do not pretend, in giving you the history of this royal slave, to entertain my reader with adventures of a feigned hero, whose life and fortunes fancy may manage at the poet's pleasure; nor in relating the truth, design to adorn it with any accidents but such as arrived in earnest to him. And it shall come simply into the world, recommended by its own proper merits and natural intrigues; there being enough of reality to support it, and to render it diverting, without the addition of invention.

Answer 49

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance: Truth?  First person narrative, inserts herself into the story  Giving history of a royal slave (contradiction)  Oronokko was a prince who was enslaved  Not telling this story to entertain readers with stories of a fake hero • Dig at romance, which celebrates adventures of a feigned hero  It will be “diverting” (entertaining) without the addition of invention (on its own as a true story)

Question 50

I was myself an eyewitness to a great part of what you will find here set down, and what I could not be witness of, I received from the mouth of the chief actor in this history, the hero himself, who gave us the whole transactions of his youth; and though I shall omit for brevity's sake, a thousand little accidents of his life which, however pleasant to us, where history was scarce and adventures very rare, yet might prove tedious and heavy to my reader, in a world where he finds diversions for every minute, new and strange. But we who were perfectly charmed with the character of this great man were curious to gather every circumstance of his life.

Answer 50

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance: Truth?  Now first person plural • Brings in her sisters and those who heard his stories • “Pleasant to us” and “But we who” • Leaving out detail that would be pleasant to her and her sisters but not to us the readers (those in England) o Not much to do where they were at the time • Diversions here mean entertainment o But other places in the story, it means distract o Diversion has a double meaning  Ways it could entertain and ways it could mislead from the truth

Question 51

But before I give you the story of this gallant slave, 'tis fit I tell you the manner of bringing them to these new colonies, for those they make use of there are not natives of the place; for those we live with in perfect amity, without daring to command 'em, but on the contrary caress 'em with all the brotherly and friendly affection in the world, trading with ‘em for their fish, venison, buffaloes, skins, and little rarities; as marmosets, a sort of monkey as big as a rat or weasel but of marvelous and delicate shape, and has face and hands like a human creature.... For skins of prodigious snakes, of which there are some threescore yards in length; as is the skin of one that may be seen at his Majesty's antiquaries'; where are also some rare flies of amazing forms and colors, presented to 'em by myself, some as big as my fist, some less, and all of various excellencies, such as art cannot imitate. Then we trade for feathers, which they order into all shapes, make themselves little short habits of 'em and glorious wreaths for their heads, necks, arms, and legs, whose tinctures are unconceivable.

Answer 51

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance:  All things have some economic value or value of collection like the butterflies  List of things you can have if you colonize this land  Instead of talking about the slaves, she talks about the animals • When thinking of the slaves, she speaks of animals  problematic  Even though she has created a massive catalog, some of these things cannot be fully captured by art

Question 52

I entertained him with the lives of the Romans, and great men, which charmed him to my company; and her, with teaching her all the pretty works that I was mistress of, and telling her stories of nuns, and endeavoring to bring her to the knowledge of the true God. But of all discourses Caesar liked that the worst, and would never be reconciled to our notions of the Trinity, of which he ever made a jest; it was a riddle, he said, would turn his brain to conceive, and one could not make him understand what faith was. However, these conversations failed not altogether so well to divert him that he liked the company of us women much above the men, for he could not drink, and he is but an ill companion in that country that cannot. So that obliging him to love us very well, we had all the liberty of speech with him, especially myself, whom he called his Great Mistress; and indeed my word would go a great way with him.

Answer 52

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance:  Cannot make Oroonoko believe in faith (Christianity) • But he actually has too much faith but the narrator and Oroonoko understand faith differently • Oroonoko believes in honor and truth (not lying) • The narrator is telling him stories to distract him from possibly leading a slave rebellion • Plays to the whole story which is diverting us from the types of oppression that are happening in this story

Question 53

They fed him from day to day with promises, and delayed him till the Lord Governor should come; so that he began to suspect them of falsehood, and that they would delay him till the time of his wife's delivery, and make a slave of that too, for all the breed is theirs to whom the parents belong.

Answer 53

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance: Oroonoko the skeptic?  Narrator is blaming the men for delaying him, not herself  Oroonoko finally getting a sense of falsehood • Oroonoko is worried if his child is born into slavery o The theory of the time justifies slavery if a person is born into it, as they are thought of as meant to be controlled. Or if people are captured as slaves in a just war. Oroonoko is neither, but his son would be. • That child is automatically owned by who owns Oroonoko • Use of the word “breed”  Talking about them like they’re animals

Question 54

I ought to tell you that the Christians never buy any slaves but they give 'em some name of their own, their native ones being likely very barbarous and hard to pronounce; so that Mr. Trefry gave Oroonoko that of Caesar, which name will live in that country as long as that (scarce more) glorious one of the great Roman: for 'tis most evident he wanted no part of the personal courage of that Caesar, and acted things as memorable, had they been done in some part of the world replenished with people and historians that might have given him his due. But his misfortune was to fall in an obscure world, that afforded only a female pen to celebrate his fame; though I doubt not but it had lived from others' endeavors if the Dutch, who immediately after his time took that country, had not killed, banished, and dispersed all those that were capable of giving the world this great man's life much better than I have done. And Mr. Trefry, who designed it, died before he began it, and bemoaned himself for not having undertook it in time. His face was not of that brown, rusty black which most of that nation are, but a perfect ebony, or polished jet. His eyes were the most awful that could be seen, and very piercing; the white of 'em being like snow, as were his teeth. His nose was rising and Roman, instead of African and flat; his mouth the finest shaped that could be seen, far from those great turned lips which are so natural to the rest of the negroes. The whole proportion and air of his face was so noble and exactly formed that, bating his color, there could be nothing in nature more beautiful, agreeable, and handsome.... Nor did the perfections of his mind come short of those of his person; for his discourse was admirable upon almost any subject: and whoever had heard him speak would have been convinced of their errors, that all fine wit is confined to the white men, especially to those of Christendom; and would have confessed that Oroonoko was as capable even of reigning well, and of governing as wisely, had as great a soul, as politic maxims, and was as sensible of power, as any prince civilized in the most refined schools of humanity and learning, or the most illustrious courts. (

Answer 54

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance:  Even if Behn creates this somewhat positive view of African people, she creates a weak female narrative where Imoinda doesn’t not speak, Imoinda dies along with Oroonoko’s child  Behn is reading Oroonoko’s body as more European and of higher status • His nose was Roman • Teeth were very white • Mind shows mark of European influence • Behn is basically saying he is less other than the other African people o Like a perfected form Race in Oroonoko • Means more of your lineage and kinship • Starting to see race as a species applied to humans and not just dogs and such • Stereotypes of people of different nationalities o People shape by the climate they live in o A lot of preconceived ideas, that could be changed

Question 55

...and though from her being carved in fine flowers and birds all over her body, we took her to be of quality before, yet when we knew Clemene was Imoinda, we could not enough admire her. I had forgot to tell you that those who are nobly born of that country are so delicately cut and rased all over the forepart of the trunk of their bodies, that it looks as if it were japanned, the works being raised like high point round the edges of the flowers. Some are only carved with a little flower or bird at the sides of the temples, as was Caesar; and those who are so carved over the body resemble our ancient Pictsthat are figured in the chronicles, but these carvings are more

Answer 55

Author: Behn Title: Oroonoko Significance: Bodies as Art, Commodity The body is described like carvings of a table, being born in nobility is putting them higher up

Question 56

"Look ye, ye faithless crew," said he, "'tis not life I seek, nor am I afraid of dying," and at that word, cut a piece of flesh from his own throat, and threw it at 'em; "yet still I would live if I could, till I had perfected my revenge. But oh! it cannot be; I feel life gliding from my eyes and heart; and if I make not haste, I shall fall a victim to the shameful whip." At that, he ripped up his own belly, and took his bowels and pulled 'em out, with what strength he could; while some, on their knees imploring, besought him to hold his hand.

Answer 56

Author: Behn Title: Oronooko Significance: Bodies and Revenge?  Cuts off pieces of skin  Opens up his stomach and rips out his guts • Tries to reassert his agency by torturing his own body instead of the people that whip him • Thinks he is reasserting his power

Question 57

He had learned to take tobacco; and when he was assured he should die, he desired they would give him a pipe in his mouth, ready lighted, which they did; and the executioner came, and first cut off his members, and threw them into the fire; after that, with an ill-favored knife, they cut his ears, and his nose, and burned them; he still smoked on, as if nothing had touched him. Then they hacked off one of his arms, and still he bore up, and held his pipe; but at the cutting off the other arm, his head sunk, and his pipe dropped, and he gave up the ghost, without a groan or a reproach. My mother and sister were by him all the while, but not suffered to save him, so rude and wild were the rabble, and so inhuman were the justices, who stood by to see the execution, who after paid dearly enough for their insolence.

Answer 57

Author: Behn Title: Oroonko ``` Significance: Bodies and Revenge? His masters revive him just long enough so they reassert power over his body by mutilating him o Cut off his genitals o His limbs o His ears ``` But does not scream to not give them more satisfaction from his pain and suffering

Question 58

...these things were all either too far above me or too far below me; that mine was the middle State, or what might be called the upper Station of Low Life, which he had found by long experience was the best State in the World, the most suited to human Happiness, not exposed to the Miseries and Hardships, the Labour and Sufferings of the mechanick* Part of Mankind, and not embarrass’d with the Pride, Luxury, Ambition, and Envy of the upper Part of Mankind.....

Answer 58

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe ``` Significance: Talking about the perfect state and to not reach for more. o Stay in the middle class  Lower class suffers manual labor  Upper class tempted by sin ```

Question 59

After I had been there about Ten or Twelve Days, it came into my Thoughts that I should lose my Reckoning of Time for want of Books and Pen and Ink, and should even forget the Sabbath Days from the working Days; but to prevent this, I cut with myKnife upon a large Post, in Capital Letters, and making it into a great Cross I set it up on the shore where I first landed, viz. “I come on shore here on the 30th of Sept 1659.” Upon the Sides of this square Post I cut every Day a Notch with my Knife, and every seventh Notch was as long again as the rest, and every first Day of the month as long again as that long one, and thus I kept my Kalendar, or weekly, monthly, and yearly reckoningof Time.

Answer 59

Author: Defore Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance:  Keeps track of time by using a calendar (notching markings into a post, to tell the days past Sept 30, 1659  To keep an accurate record but saying he has already lost tract of time when he made it.  By his post, he stakes claim to the land by saying he was there and colonized it.  Christian symbol of a cross used as the marker  Keeping an account of his life

Question 60

And now it was that I began to keep a Journal of every Day’s Employment, for indeed at first I was in too much Hurry, and not only Hurry as to Labour, but in too much Discomposure of Mind; and my Journal would ha’ been full of many dull things: For Example, I must have said thus. Sept. the 30th. After I had got to Shore, and had escap’d drowning, instead of being thankful to God for my Deliverance, having first vomited with the great Quantity of salt Water which has got into my Stomach, and recovering myself a little, I ran about the Shore, wringing my Hands and beating my Head and Face, exclaiming at my Misery, and crying out, I was undone, undone, till tyr’d and faint I was forc’d to lie down on the Ground to repose, but durst not sleep for fear of being devour’d.”

Answer 60

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance:  He first didn’t create a journal because he needed to take shelter and grab food  Imagined entry as his first as he accounts what happened to him on his first days being shipwrecked on the island  Lamenting about his mind decomposing into chaos has he was figuring out what he was going to do

Question 61

...I began to keep my Journal; of which I shall here give you the Copy(tho’ in it will be told all these Particulars over again) as long as it lasted, for having no more Ink I was forc’d to leave it off. THE JOURNAL September 30, 1659. I poor miserable Robinson Crusoe, being shipwreck’d, during a dreadful Storm ,in the offing, came on Shore on this dismal unfortunate island, which I call’d The Island of Despair, all the rest of the Ship’s Company being drown’d, and myself almost dead.All the rest of that Day I spent in afflicting myself at the dismal Circumstances I was brought to, viz. I had neither Food, House, Clothes, Weapon, or Place to fly to, and in Despair of any Relief, saw nothing but Death before me, either that I should be devouredby wild Beasts, murther’d by Savages, or starv’d to Death for Want of Food. At the Approach of Night I slept in a Tree for fear of wild Creatures, but slept soundly tho’ it rained all Night.

Answer 61

Author: Defore Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance:  “Real Journal”  Written retrospectively  Complaining about his circumstances and being alone  Now calling the island as “The Island of Despair”  Now referring to himself in the first person  Reader losing track of what is real and what is not

Question 62

he offer’d me also 60 Pieces of Eight more for my Boy Xury, which I was loath to take, not that I was not willing to let the Captain have him, but I was very loath to sell the poor Boy's Liberty, who had assisted me so faithfully in procuring my own. However, when I let him know my Reason, he own’d it to be just, and offered me this Medium, that he would give the Boy an Obligation to set him free in ten Years, if he turn’d Christian; upon this, and Xury saying he was willing to go to him, I let the Captain have him.

Answer 62

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance:  Crusoe sold his friend Xury, who helped him secure his freedom from slavery  Xury could be free in 10 years if he became Christian  Justifying the Captain is a worthy man… a good slave owner  Crusoe says Xury was willing to go  How did Crusoe get the right to sell Xury? … they were both slaves together  Eventually regrets selling him, but because he wishes he had him as a laborer • Thinks of it as an economic wrong, not an ethic or moral wrong

Question 63

As for my Face, the Colour of it was really not so Molatta like as one might expect from a Man not at all careful of it, and living within nine or ten Degrees of the Equinox. My beard I had once suffer’d to grow till it was about a Quarter of a Yard long; but as I had both Scissars and Razors sufficient, I had cut it pretty short, except what grew on my upper Lip, which I had trimmed into a large Pair of Mahometan Whiskers, such as I had seen worn by some Turks, who I saw at Sallee, for the Moors did not wear such, tho’ the Turks did; of these Muschatoes or Whiskers, I will not say they were long enough to hang my Hat upon them, but they were of a Length and Shape monstrous enough, and such as in England would have pass’d for frightful.

Answer 63

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance:  Saying he tanned, but not as much as the reader might think  Wore furs  Compares his skin color to someone of a mixed race  Saying he retained the rights and morals of the English  Saying he has the facial features that would be frightful in England • A beard like a Turkish man • Styled his beard to look more like those who are in power rather than those who are enslaved

Question 64

...the poor Savage who fled, but had stopp’d; though he saw both his Enemies fall’n and kill’d, as he thought; yet was so frighted with the Fire, and Noise of my Piece; that he stood Stock still, and neither came forward nor went backward... and I cou’d then perceive that he stood trembling, as if he had been taken Prisoner, and had just been to be kill’d, as his two Enemies were. I beckon’d him again to come to me, and gave him all the Signs of Encouragement that I could think of, and he came nearer and nearer, kneeling down every Ten or Twelve steps in token of acknowledgment for saving his Life: I smil’d at him, and look’d pleasantly, and beckon’d to him to come still nearer; at length he came close to me, and then he kneel’d down again, kiss’d the Ground, and laid his Head upon the Ground, and taking me by the Foot, set my Foot upon his Head; this, it seems, was in token of swearing to be my Slave for ever.

Answer 64

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance: Taming Friday • Friday is frightened by the sound of the gun that Crusoe fired that killed Friday’s captors • He was already a prisoner, but he communicates fear by trembling and kneels down to Crusoe o Crusoe takes this as a sign as gratitude and a debt of servitude o Key word “seems” towards the end • Never get access to Friday’s immediate thoughts

Question 65

In a little time I began to speak to him; and teach him to speak to me: and first, I let him know his name should be Friday, which was the day I saved his life: I called him so for the memory of the time. I likewise taught him to say Master; and then let him know that was to be my name: I likewise taught him to say Yes and No and to know the meaning of them.

Answer 65

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance: Taming Friday • Only taught him to say Master (as his name) • Taught him his name (assigned it to him, colonizing) o Denying Friday his true name is a symbol to oppression/possession • Teaches him to say Yes/No

Question 66

It came very warmly upon my Thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now was my Time to get me a Servant, and, perhaps a Companion or Assistant; and that I was plainly call’d by Providence to save this poor Creature's Life. This was the pleasantest Year of all the Life I led in this Place; Friday began to talk pretty well, and understand the Names of almost every Thing I had occasion to call for, and of every Place I had to send him to, and talk’d a great deal to me; so that, in short, I began now to have some Use for my Tongue again, which, indeed, I had very little occasion for before, that is to say, about speech; besides the Pleasures of talking to him, I had a singular Satisfaction in the Fellow himself; his simple unfeign’d Honesty, appear’d to me more and more every Day, and I began really to love the Creature; and on his side I believe he lov’d me more than it was possible for him ever to love any Thing before.

Answer 66

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance: Crusoe softens? • Slave to servant… maybe to even companion • Begins to love Friday but still calling him a creature • Crusoe is interested in use for his tongue again o Teaches him more language so he can have more use out of Friday

Question 67

’Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That there’s a God, that there’s a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye,“ Their colour is a diabolic die.” Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin’d, and join th’ angelic train.

Answer 67

Author: Wheatley Title: "On Being Brought from Africa to America" Significance:  Allowed her to read and write, but she was enslaved none the less  Poem pretty much excuses slavery • Saying those brought from Africa get benefits • Benefits like education, and religion • “Diabolic”  devil related o Cain  who slain Abel… sons of Adam and Eve • Paradoxically, the fall was a good thing much like slavery in this case was a good thing

Question 68

It might be truly said, that now I work’d for my Bread; ‘tis a little wonderful, and what I believe few People have thought much upon, (viz.) the strange multitude of little Things necessary in the Providing, Producing, Curing, Dressing, Making, and Finishing this one Article of Bread.

Answer 68

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance: o Making Labor Visible (slide)  Thinking back to PL and the division of labor between Adam and Eve  Here Crusoe is saying time is not money, what matters here is he able to produce what he wants and needs  Most people don’t think about the whole of the process • So Crusoe explains the WHOLE process of making bread, including things like farming the land • Crusoe (Defoe) picks it because bread is such an everyday item • We, as a society, are alienated from our labor (Marxist idea)

Question 69

I might well say, now indeed, that the latter End of Jobwas better than the Beginning.... I was now Master, all on a Sudden, of above 5000. l. Sterling in money, and had an Estate, as I might well call it, in the Brasils, of above a thousand Pounds a Year, as sure as an Estate of Lands in England: And, in a Word, I was in a Condition which I scarce knew how to understand, or how to compose myself, for the Enjoyment of it.

Answer 69

Author: Defoe Title: Robinson Crusoe Significance: o Story of Job, everything was taking away, but all was given back and then some o Crusoe gains much in his absence, like from his plantations in Brazil  Protestant Ethics would say his success on the island was being rewarded  Totally glosses over how the wealth was produced (none from him, all from laborers) • Crusoe has to prove that he is still alive, and the Portuguese captain that helped him helps again to gain his wealth back  When Friday came along, Crusoe didn’t do so much work • So his success comes from those who work for him, not himself