Final Prep last modules

Question 1

What is the closest living relative to Wooly rhinos

Answer 1

Sumatran rhinos in Indonesia. Severely endangered- 20 left due to habitat fragmentation

Question 2

What is the rhinoceros hornbill poached for

Answer 2

honeycomb-like casque

Question 3

What is the pangolin poached for

Answer 3

scales for traditional medicine

Question 4

What is the helmeted hornbill poached for

Answer 4

solid casque- hornbill ivory

Question 5

Conservation efforts in indonesia

Answer 5

Rescue center in Cikananga. Confiscated pets/trade- rehabbed and released. -hornbills.
greater birds of paradise unable to be released
Javan trogan. Cassowary

Question 6

Human-wildlife conflict in Indonesia

Answer 6

Sun bears- 2 species
Slow loris- only venemous primates. Teeth removed for pet trade.
Oranguatan
Breeding center holds critically endangered birds- theft, security, dogs cctv
Black-winged myna- two in the wild
Javan warty pig- issues with hybridization
Green magpie- successful breeding projects

Question 7

reasons for introduced species to be intentional

Answer 7

food crops (mongoose), farm animals/livestock, fish and game, landscaping, pets, pest control

Question 8

unintentional introduced species

Answer 8

stowaways on ships, escape, cargo and packages, and humans and other species

Question 9

How can invasive species cause harm

Answer 9

cause economic and environmental harm because compete with, displace and prey upon native species. They also alter the habitat and introduce disease.

Question 10

What are the two colored species of rat and where they are native to

Answer 10

brown (Norway( rat- native to siberia and china
black (roof) rat- native to India

Question 11

4 species of mosquito and the diseases they carry

Answer 11

Aedes- Chikungunya, Dengue
Culiseta- Yellow fever and Zika virus
Anopheles- Malaria
Culex- Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Saint Louis Encephalitis, West Nile Virus

Question 12

What is the costliest invasive species

Answer 12

mosquitos

Question 13

Give 5 examples of an invasive species and the area it invaded

Answer 13

Burmese python- florida everglades
Zebra mussels- Great Lakes and elsewhere
Nutria- Chesapeake bay and Gulf Coast wetlands
Cane toad- Australia
Nile hippopotamus- Columbia

Question 14

What species does USFWS have a recovery program for on San Clemente Island?

Answer 14

loggerhead shrike.

Question 15

Recovery efforts for the Island Fox include

Answer 15

goat removal, habitat restoration, bald eagle recovery, golden eagle removal, captive breeding reintroduction, vaccination

Question 16

Invasive species threats to Hawaiian birds and the mitigation of those threats

Answer 16

Predation, (rats, mongoose, cats)
Mitigation (trapping, poison bait)
Avian malaria (non-native mosquitos)
Mitigation (release sterile mosquitos, modify avian gut microbes)
Habitat destruction (goats and pigs)
Mitigation (fencing, planting, hunting)

Question 17

Where does bushmeat commonly occur, why does it happen, problems with it, species it includes and what can be done to help

Answer 17

Where: tropical forest areas of Africa, Southern Asia, South America
Why: protein source for poor communities, miners and loggers, exotic meats for the wealthy
Includes: antelope, bats, wild pigs, rodents, primates, pangolin, snakes, etc
Problems: significant wildlife decrease, exposure to disease
Help: Empower communities to raise chickens, small livestock, farmed fish

Question 18

Where is canned hunting regulated and what species are involved

Answer 18

South Africa- African lions/other big cats
USA- native and non-native ungulates. Deer, antelope, pigs. no predators

Question 19

What is commercial animal agriculture also known as factory farming and the concerns about it

Answer 19

primarily pigs, dairy cattle, chickens, turkey, fish
Concerns: environmental pollution (greenhouse emissions from pigs and cattle, contamination of soil and water). Humane standards (space and freedom to move)

Question 20

What is ecotourism, its benefits and potential disadvantages, and an example

Answer 20

1980s- sustainable development ethic
Tourism directed towards exotic, often threatened natural environments intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife
Benefits: benefits wildlife conservation, educational and involves and benefit locals, non-invasive, non-consumptive, sustainable
Potential issues: transportation footprint, food/beverage sourcing, waste reduction and disposal, distance, contact, and manipulation of wildlife
Example: Great Barrier Reef Australia- careless divers injure and damage corals
Costa Rica- tourist presence interferes with turtle egg laying

Question 21

Guidelines for whale and dolphin watching. Why is it important to have these guidelines

Answer 21

30 min or less
stay 100 m away
minimum 2 boats
never chase animals. Leave if agitated or aggressive
Speed below 5 knots within 400 m of animals
Important because manatees in Florida were injured from boat propeller strikes

Question 22

How is the National Park Service involved with mountain lions

Answer 22

trapping, transmitter collars, and monitoring

Question 23

Threats to mountain lions

Answer 23

human encroachment and habitat fragmentation
secondary poisoning- rodenticide- weakened immune system leads to mange
inbreeding- kinked tail, malformed sperm, testicular abnormality

Question 24

human/mountain lion conflict

Answer 24

24 mountain lions killed by vehicles since 2002
14 attacks on humans since 1986-2021

Question 25

What is selective breeding and how is it done

Answer 25

domestic species derived from wild species over countless generations back crossing- reverse engineering, approximation

Question 26

What is cloning and how is it done

Answer 26

the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. Done with SCNT- Somatic cell nuclear transfer (Put the nucleus of a cell into another- an egg, which is placed in a surrogate animal)

Question 27

What animal species was saved with cloning

Answer 27

black-footed ferret

Question 28

What is synthesis via genome testing and what can it be used for

Answer 28

When an edited genome is inserted into a host egg through CRISPR and Cas9. It can be used for bacterial defense against viruses and to insert key sequences of one species (extinct) into the genome of another species (living) to produce offspring

Question 29

Difference between gene synthesis and cloning

Answer 29

Gene synthesis is dif because they do not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences like cloning has to. Synthesis compares a dead animal's genome to a living animals and tries to form a new genome "recipe" to recreate that dead animal, injecting it into a developing germ line of a close relative of that animal

Question 30

8 questions of the ethics of de-extinction

Answer 30

Why should a species be restored Which species should be restored What effort and expense is required Who is responsible How much divergence from species' original genetic constitution is acceptable Where will resulting individuals be managed How will harm be prevented Will this create complacency about extinction

Question 31

Reasons for decline of the painted dog

Answer 31

Habitat loss and fragmentation Human conflict Road accidents Snares Infectious diseases

Question 32

What do SAFE plans generally consist of

Answer 32

protecting threatened species builds on established recovery plans and history of commitment Prioritizes collaboration among AZA member institutions Implements strategic conservation and stakeholder engagement activities Measures and reports conservation progress

Question 33

IUCN status of painted dog

Answer 33

Endangered and decreasing

Question 34

All 7 species of sea turtles are considered CITES appendix 1 TRUE or FALSE

Answer 34

true

Question 35

7 species of sea turtle

Answer 35

Loggerhead Green sea turtle Leatherback sea turtle Kemp's Ridley sea turtle Olive Ridley sea turtle Flatback sea turtle Hawksbill

Question 36

Threats to sea turtles

Answer 36

climate change light pollution ocean pollution by-catch illegal poaching

Question 37

The SAFE plan for sea turtles covers which 2 species

Answer 37

Kemp's Ridley and Eastern Pacific Leatherback

Question 38

What can you do to help sea turtles

Answer 38

Raise awareness Buy reusable items Become a responsible seafood consumer Beach clean ups

Question 39

SAFE specializes in (4 things)

Answer 39

Recovery Protection Collaboration Data

Question 40

What are 2 differences and 2 similarities between sharks and rays

Answer 40

Diff: Rays use their pectoral fins to flap up and down to move through the water. Sharks swim by moving their tail side to side. Rays are adapted to feed off the ocean floor. Sharks eat fish and other animals and have rows of teeth that are constantly replaced Sim: Order chondrichthyes- endoskeleton made of cartilage, Subclass elasmobranch- do not have swim bladder, instead enlarged liver filled with oil helps keep them afloat

Question 41

Threats to the sand tiger shark and what has been done to preserve them

Answer 41

By-catch- also even if released, swallows prey whole and dies from fish hook Slow rate of growth, late age of maturity, low fecundity Prohibition of capture/trade in some countries

Question 42

Most threatened family of elasmobranchs

Answer 42

Sawtooth family

Question 43

3 subspecies of Asian elephant

Answer 43

Sumatran- smallest Sri Lanken- largest Indian- smaller ears

Question 44

Threats to Asian elephant

Answer 44

poaching, illegal capture and trade, habitat loss/fragmentation

Question 45

How SAFE is helping the Asian elephant

Answer 45

Teaching communities about coexisting Habitat protection Preventing capture and killing Monitoring wild populations