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Flashcards in Final (Previous Test Questions) Deck (95)
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1
Q

What cells go through mitosis?

A

somatic cells

2
Q

What cells go through meiosis?

A

gamete cells

3
Q

How many daughter cells are produced through mitosis>

A

2

4
Q

How many daughter cells are produced through meiosis?

A

4

5
Q

What is the ploidy of each daughter cell after mitosis if the original diploid cell had 12 chromosomes?

A

2n=12

6
Q

What is the ploidy of each daughter cell after meiosis if the original diploid cell had 12 chromosomes?

A

n=6

7
Q

Subsets of the population diverge without geographic isolation

A

sympatric speciation

8
Q

carry information for the same traits

A

Homologous chromosomes

9
Q

If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, what is an appropriate description of its contents?

A

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis

10
Q

Starting from the wild mustard, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. What is a correct statement?

A

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties

11
Q

What most likely the order of events in allopatric speciation?

A

genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

12
Q

Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example?

A

biological

13
Q

For a biologist studying a small fish population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg condition is easiest to meet?

A

no gene flow

14
Q

What is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?

A

decreased genetic difference between the two populations

15
Q

What criteria are required for sympatric speciation?

A

Stable polymorphism and Assortative mating

16
Q

What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period to a 48-hour period?

A

There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures

17
Q

Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land’s End, England, whose latitude is equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local flora is subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe?

A

Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador

18
Q

Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast. What most likely accounts for this?

A

ocean currents

19
Q

Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by what?

A

The changes in density of water as seasonal temperatures change

20
Q

During exponential growth, a population always…

A

grows at its maximum per capita rate

21
Q

According to the logistic growth equation, dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)…

A

population growth is zero when N equals K

22
Q

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?

A

iteroparous and discrete periodicity

23
Q

What kind of climate do you typically find K-selected individuals?

A

stable, mature climate

24
Q

What kind of mimicry is occurring when two venomous snakes have similar markings?

A

Mullerian mimicry

25
Q

What statement is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

A

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species

26
Q

Consider two old-growth forests: one is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth and why?

A

Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

27
Q

Beta diversity can be defined as…

A

the turnover of species along a spatial gradient

28
Q

In the early part of the 20th century, two prominent ecologists proposed different models succession. Clements argued that biological communities have a highly predictable and interrelated structure. If we set up several identical plots in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict?

A

Identical plant communities will develop in all plots

29
Q

Describe top-down control.

A

community members keep each other in check due to factors like predation

30
Q

Describe bottom-up control.

A

a population or community’s carrying capacity is limited by the plant population (lower trophic level)

31
Q

Any species that has a disproportionate impact on the community relative to its abundance or biomass.

A

keystone species (top-down controlled environments)

32
Q

Describe r-strategists.

A
  • typically found in a less predictable environment
  • generally smaller in size
  • selection is toward high reproductive rates/younger age of first reproductive event/more offspring per cycle
  • less parental care
  • semelparous-continuous reproduction
  • survivorship is low
33
Q

Describe K-strategists

A
  • more stable, predictable environment
  • larger in size
  • selected for competitive characteristics/higher survivorship/longer lives
  • reproduce at older age/discrete iteroparous reproduction
  • population is generally stable around the carrying capacity (K)
34
Q

What is thought to be the correct sequence of events in the evolution of life on Earth?

A
  1. origin of cyanobacteria
  2. origin of mitochondria
  3. origin of chloroplasts
  4. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
  5. origin of fungal-plant smbioses
35
Q

What is the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of a beneficial mutation in a population over the course of generations?

A

binary fission

36
Q

A bacterium that lives in acid mine water, oxidizes sulfur and iron for energy to reduce CO2, and cannot survive without oxygen can be classified as…?

A

aerobic chemoautotroph

37
Q

How do cell walls differ between Bacteria and Archaea?

A

Cell walls in bacteria are primarily made of peptidoglycan

38
Q

All protists are…?

A

a eukaryotic paraphyletic group

39
Q

Which organism has the ability to evade the human immune system by frequently changing its surface proteins?

A

Plasmodium (Apicomplexa)

40
Q

Brown algae have…

A

multicellular stramenopiles

41
Q

Amoebozoans have…

A

lobed or tubular pseudopodia

42
Q

Ciliates have…

A

macronucleus and micronuclei

43
Q

Foraminiferans have…

A

external shells of calcium carbonate

44
Q

All fungi have…

A

cell walls reinforced with chitin

45
Q

paraphyletic group of non-filamentous fungi

A

chytridiomycota

46
Q

most common mycorrhizal species

A

glomeromycota

47
Q

most common mycobiont in lichens

A

ascomycota

48
Q

In all plant life cycles….are produced by…., and …. are produced by….

A

Spores are produced by meiosis, and gametes are produced by mitosis

49
Q

In the moss life cycle, meiosis occurs inside…

A

sporangia

50
Q

Which of the following structures is not part of a mature pine ovule? archegonium, embryo, integument, megasporangium

A

embryo

51
Q

Describe eudicot stems.

A
  • often develop secondary meristems
  • vascular bundles have xylem toward the inside and phloem toward the outside
  • have a definite cortex and pith
52
Q

….are highly modified leaves that are responsible for…

A

petals are highly modified leaves that are responsible for attraction pollinators

53
Q

Which of the following is not produced during the Calvin Cycle? O2, RuBP, NADP+, G3P

A

O2

54
Q

…protects plants from photo-oxidation by dissipating the high energy molecules produced in the…reactions

A

Phtorespiration protects plants form photo-oxidation by dissipating the high energy molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions

55
Q

Which statement most accurately describes fluid movements in plants?

A

Water + minerals are pulled through the xylem; water + sugars are pushed through the phloem

56
Q

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

A

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed

57
Q

Plants often use changes in day length to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes…

A

are more predictable than air temperature changes

58
Q

Organisms in which all nutrition for the young is derived from yolk inside he egg are known as…

A

oviparous and ovovivparous

59
Q

Describe Hox genes.

A
  • important in determining the body plan of bilaterally symmetrical organisms
  • important in determining the body plan of radially symmetrical organisms
60
Q

What kind of cleavage do telolecithal eggs have?

A

meroblastic

61
Q

What kind of cleavage do isolecithal eggs have?

A

holoblastic

62
Q

What kind of cleavage do mesolecithal eggs have?

A

holoblastic, slowed when thicker yolk is reached

63
Q

Why is the statement, “Enterocoely is present in all Deuterostomes.” incorrect?

A

Coelom formation in some derived Deuterostomes occurs through Schizocoely

64
Q

The Ecdysozoa can be distinguished from other Protstomes in that…

A

members shed their cuticle as they grow

65
Q

Contributes to the formation of many different structures in vertebrates and is a hallmark characteristic of vertebrates

A

neural crest

66
Q

Present in all members of Chordata and attaches to muscle

A

notocord

67
Q

During fertilization in sea urchins, the “fast block” and the longer lasting “slow block” to polyspermy, respectively are…

A

An electrical potential (membrane depolarization) and the cortical reaction leading to the fertilization membrane

68
Q

occurs when an adult and immature organism (insect) are similar in every way except for size

A

ametabolous

69
Q

Mollusca have…

A

a mantle

70
Q

Vertebrata have…

A

a neural crest

71
Q

Nematoda have…

A

pseudocoelomate

72
Q

Annelida have…

A

setae

73
Q

In humans, identical twins are possible because…

A

cell fate is determined through induction (regulative development)

74
Q

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm…

A

invests little energy in temperature regulation

75
Q

Dropping of body temperature when asleep or inactive

A

torpor

76
Q

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system…

A

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

77
Q

An enlarged cecum is typical of…

A

rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears

78
Q

Describe the main steps in spermatogenesis.

A

Diploid spermatogonia enlarges to a primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes. Each of those go through meios II to form 2 spermatids for a total of 4 spermatids, which become 4 sperm

79
Q

Describe the main steps in oogenesis.

A

Diploid oogonia initially increase in number by mitosis, then stop dividing, then increase in size to form primary oocytes. Diploid primary oocytes divide by meiosis producing 1 large secondary oocyte and a small polar body. polar bodies are nonfunctional cells. Haploid secondary oocyte divides by meiosis producing 1 large ootid and a second polar body. Haploid ootid develops into a functional ovum.

80
Q

What are the five hallmark characteristics of the Chordates?

A

1) Dorsal, tubular nerve cord
2) Notochord
3) Pharyngeal slits
4) Endostyle
5) Postanaltail

81
Q

Malphighian tubules in insects are used for the same funcition as…

A

Metanephridium in mollusks and annelids, kidneys in vertebrates, and paired antennal glands in crustaceans

82
Q

Responsible for releasing substances that affect surrounding cells

A

basophils

83
Q

Cytokines are used for…

A

communication in vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems

84
Q

When ecdysone is high and juvenile hormone is absent, a moth is expected to…

A

molt from pupa to adult

85
Q

As amniotes (such as us) develop, the pronephros becomes a…

A

metanephros

86
Q

What is the purposed of countercurrent exchange in the fish gills?

A

maximizes diffusion

87
Q

In the mammalian kidney, the majority of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the…

A

proximal convoluted tubule

88
Q

Tissue transplants among individuals of different species

A

Xenografts

89
Q

When levels of ecdysone and juvenile hormone are both high, a moth is expected to…

A

have a larval molt

90
Q

Used for communication in vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems

A

cytokines

91
Q

Allelochemical that benefits both the sender and the receiver

A

Synomone

92
Q

Allelochemicals that benefit the sender

A

Allomones

93
Q

Allelochemicals that benefit the reciever

A

Kairomones

94
Q

Activated immediately upon infection

A

Innate immunity

95
Q

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

A

the pancreas