final pt 1

Question 1

the heirachy of genes

Answer 1

maternal effect, zygotic: gap, pair-rule, segment polarity. Lastly, Hox

Question 2

mutations in Gap genes

Answer 2

miss several segments in a row

Question 3

mutations in Pair-Rule

Answer 3

missing portions of every other segment

Question 4

mutations in segment polarity

Answer 4

polarity disrupted in each segment, no change in segment number

Question 5

when are the genes activated

Answer 5

gap around cycle 10-11
pair rule at MBT, cycle 13
segment polarity, about 14

Question 6

gap genes

Answer 6

knirps, giant
kruppel- parasegments 4-6
hunchback

Question 7

pair-rule genes

Answer 7

7 stripes
even-skipped, paired, fushi tarazu
expressed at cellularization

Question 8

segment polarity genes

Answer 8

after cellularization
activated by pair-rule genes
14 stripes

Question 9

engrailed

Answer 9

marks anterior of parasegment and posterior of each segment
Hh pathway regulator
activated by Ftz, Eve (pair-rule)

Question 10

wingless

Answer 10

activated in cells w/ no Ftz or Eve
posterior compartment of each parasegment

Question 11

antennapedia complex hox genes

Answer 11

lab
pb
dfd
head region
src
Antp
thorax region

Question 12

bithorax region

Answer 12

ubx
abdA
AbdB
abdomen

Question 13

how is dorsal-ventral axis established

Answer 13

onset of gastrulation

Question 14

dorsal specifies..

Answer 14

ventral region
maternal mrna and protein evenly distributed, but dorsal protein translocated into nuclei on ventral side of embryo

Question 15

toll vertebrae homolog

Answer 15

toll-like receptors

Question 16

gurken vertebrae homolog

Answer 16

epidermal growth factor (RTK ligand)

Question 17

torpedo vertebrae homolog

Answer 17

epidermal growth factor receptor (RTK)

Question 18

Dpp vertebrae homolog

Answer 18

BMPs

Question 19

Sog vertebrae homolog

Answer 19

chordin (BMP inhibitor)

Question 20

cells with most dorsal protein

Answer 20

invaginate to form mesoderm

Question 21

MAD vertebrae homolog

Answer 21

SMADS1/5

Question 22

inhibiting BMP pathway

Answer 22

conserved mechanism if inducing nervous system

Question 23

Dpp to Sog

Answer 23

opposing gradients for dorsal-ventral patterning

Question 24

organizer in amphibians

Answer 24

dorsal lip of blastopore

Question 25

BMP inhibitors

Answer 25

noggin, chordin, follistatin

Question 26

fertilization occurs at

Answer 26

animal hemisphere, first cleavage splits grey crescent

Question 27

key movements of xenopus gastrulation

Answer 27

epiboly, vegetal rotation, invagination, involution and migration, convergent extension