Final Pt. 2

Question 1

Functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Pulmonary ventilation (Air in and out), external resiprayion (O/CO between blood and tissues)

Question 2

Function of circulatory system?

Answer 2

Transport of O2/CO2 in blood
Internal respiration ( exchange of O2/CO2 between blood vessels & tissues)

Question 3

The function of nose and paranasal sinus? (5)

Answer 3

Provides airway, moistens air, filters air chamber for speech/smell, mucous catches bacteria

Question 4

Chonchae? (3)

Answer 4

Bone in nose, increase mucosal area, enhance air turbulence and heat, reclaim heat

Question 5

What is the pharynx?

Answer 5

Funnel shaped tube made of skeletal muscle, connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx (Nasophraynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx)

Question 6

Nasopharynx?

Answer 6

Posterior to nasal cavity, cilitated pseudostartified columnar epithelium, soft palate closes

Question 7

Oropharynx?

Answer 7

Passage for food/air (soft palate to epiglottis), stratified squamous

Question 8

Laryngophraynx?

Answer 8

Posterior to upright epiglottis (to larynx), startified squamous

Question 9

Larynx? (3)

Answer 9

Opens laryngopharynx, continues to trachea. provides airway, routes air and food, voice

Question 10

Trachea?

Answer 10

Extends from larynx to mediastinum, divides into 2 bronchi

Question 11

3 layers of trachea

Answer 11

Mucosa, Submucosa, Adventitia

Question 12

Bronchi?

Answer 12

Right and left main bronchi, branch into lobar bronchi, branch into segmental bronchus (keep divinding), less than 1.0 mm diameter, terminal bronchioles less than 0.5 mm

Question 13

Lungs?

Answer 13

Made of root, apex, and base, hilum
Left lung has superior/ inferior lobes
Right lung has superior/middle/inferior lobes, furthur divided into bronchopulmonary segment

Question 14

WHat is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 14

Pulmonary arteries deliver venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones back to heart
Long pressure, high volume

Question 15

Bronchiol arteries/ veins?

Answer 15

Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tisue
Bonchial viens anastomose with pulmonary veins

Question 16

Innervation of lungs?

Answer 16

Parasymp. constriction
Sym. Dialation

Question 17

What are pleura?

Answer 17

thin serosal membrane that divides the thoracic cavity into two plural compartments/ mediastinum

Question 18

Different types of pleura? (3)

Answer 18

Parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall, face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs
Visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface
Pleural fluid fills slit-like plural cavity

Question 19

4 different pressures?

Answer 19

Patm = pressure exerted by air surround the body, respiratory pressures relative to
Ppul = pressure in alveoli, fluctuates with breathing
Pip= pressure in pleural cavity
Ppul- Pip= pressure that keeps lung spaces open

Question 20

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 20

inspiration/expiration
depends of volume changes in thoracic cavity, volume change leads to pressure change
Boyle’s Law: P1V1=P2V2

Question 21

What is expirations?

Answer 21

Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic volume decreases, lungs recoil, air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until (Ppul=Patm)
Forced inspirations can occur during exercise or with pulmonary disease, accessory muscles activated to increase thoracic cage size

Question 22

What are alveoli?

Answer 22

Terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, lead into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 23

What is the respiratory membrane?

Answer 23

Blood air barrier, consists of alveolar and capillary walls along basement membranes
allows gas exchange by simple diffusion
single layer simple squamous epithelium, scattered cuboidal, pores equalize pressure

Question 24

What is dead space?

Answer 24

Does not contrivbute to gas exchange, air remains in passageway, or space occupied by non functional aveloi

Question 25

External Respiration

Answer 25

Diffusion gases between blood and lungs

Question 26

Internal Respiration

Answer 26

Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues Tissue Po2 is lower then in arterial blood, oxygen moves from blood to tissues Tissue Pco2 is higher than in arterial blood, CO2 moves from tissues into blood Venous blood returning to heart is 40 mm Hg Po2 and 45 mm Hg Pco2

Question 26

3 factors affecting external respiration gas exchange?

Answer 26

Partial pressure gradients and gas solubility, thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane, ventilationn-perfusion coupling

Question 27

Action of the diaphram

Answer 27

when diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out, increase thoracic volume

Question 28

Action of the intercoastals

Answer 28

when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out, increased thoracic volume

Question 29

3 factors that influence air passage?

Answer 29

Airway resistance, Alevolar surface tensoin, lung compliance

Question 30

Pneumonia/ ephysema

Answer 30

Pneumonia: lungs become waterlogged, thickness of respiratory membrane increases, tissues become oxygen deprived Emphysema: alveoli walls break down, surface area decreases

Question 31

2 ways molecular O2 is carried?

Answer 31

1.5% dissolved in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) created As O2 binds, Hb changes shape, increasing its affinity for O2

Question 32

Influence of Po2 on hemoglobin saturation

Answer 32

In systemic arterial blood Po2 is 100 mm Hg, Hb 98% saturated In systemic venous blood Po2 is 40 mm Hb, Hb is 75% saturated

Question 33

Other factors that affect O binding to HB (4)

Answer 33

Temp (heat decreases affinity), pH, Pco2, concentration of biphosphoglycerate Declining blood pH and increasing Pco2 cause HB-O2 bond to weaken

Question 34

Three forms of CO2 transport?

Answer 34

Dissolved in plasma as Pco2 (7 to 10%) Chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%) As bicarbonate ions in plasma (around 70%)

Question 35

What do O and CO2 bind to?

Answer 35

Most O2 attached to Heme, most CO2 attached to globin

Question 36

Why is so much Co2 converted to bicarbonate

Answer 36

In systemic capillaries, after HCO3 is created, it quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma In pulmonary capillaries, the process occurs in reverse HCO3 moves into RBCs while Cl (transits through) RBCs into plasma HCO3 binds with H to form H2CO3, split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water CO2 diffuses into alveoli

Question 37

What is the haldane effect?

Answer 37

Amount of CO2 transported is affected by Po2 The lower the Po2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation, the more CO2 can be carried in blood Encourages CO2 exchange at tissues and at lungs

Question 38

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps...

Answer 38

blood resist changes in pH

Question 39

What is hypoxia?

Answer 39

inadequate O2 delivery to tissues, can result in cyanosis and is classified by cause

Question 40

Different types of hypoxia (5)

Answer 40

Anemic hypoxia, Ischemic hypoxia, Histotoxic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxis, Carbon monoxide poisioning

Question 41

How does breathing affect blood

Answer 41

Shallow breathing increases CO2, drop in pH Deep breathing decreases CO2, rise in pH

Question 42

Neural controls for respiration?

Answer 42

Neurons in reticular formation of medulla and pons Medullary respiratory centers: Ventral respiratory group and dorsal respiratory group

Question 43

Ventral respiratory group?

Answer 43

network of neurons from spine to pons Sets up eupnea, normal respiratory rate and rhythm Inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via phrenic and intercostal nerves Rate determined by how long center is active

Question 44

Dorsal group?

Answer 44

Network of neurons near cranial nerve IX Integrates input from peripheral stretch/ chemoreceptors, sends info to vrg neurons

Question 45

Pontine respiratory centers?

Answer 45

Neurons modify activity of VRG to smooth transition between inspiration/expiration Transmit impulses to VRG that fine-tune breathing rhythms

Question 46

3 factors that control respiration?

Answer 46

Chemicals, Higher brain centers, reflexes

Question 47

Chemicals?

Answer 47

Levels of chemicals sensed by central and peripheral chemoreceptors If blood levels rise, CO2 accumlates in brain and becomes carbonic acid Causes drop in pH, increased H stimulates chemoreceptors Respiration increases and speeds up Influence of PO2: Peripheral chemoreceptors sense arterial O2 levels Substantial drop in arterial PO2 to stimulate increased ventilation Slight effect on ventilation because of huge O2 reservoir bound to Hb

Question 48

Higher brain centers?

Answer 48

Hypothalamic controls: act through limbic system to modify rate/ depth of respiration Cortical controls: direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

Question 49

Reflexes?

Answer 49

Pulmonary irritant reflexes: receptors in bronchioles respond to irritants, promote construction of air passages Inflation reflex: Hering-Breuer reflex, stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation, send inhibtoary signals to end inhalation/ allow expiration