♥Final quiz from quiz 1 ~12♥

Question 1

What is the absorbance at the zero ( include units for full points) (Quiz 1)

Answer 1

The absorbance at the zero is 0.001 A.U

Question 2

Calculate the generation time of this bacterial culture ( list the absorbance and time values used and show all of your calculatetions below) Quiz 1

Answer 2

100-90= 10 min

Question 3

Name the three stages of growth of a bacterial culture [in order], List the time points that boarder each stage from the semi-log plot on the graph

Answer 3

Name : lag (0~ 20 min )
log (30~105 min)
stationary (120~140 min)

Question 4

Name the two antiobiotics we will using ?

Answer 4

Ampillin and Kanamycin

Question 5

Is ampicillin considered a bactericidal or bacteriostatic antibiotic ?

Answer 5

It’s bactericidal

Question 6

Describe the biochemical mechanism of ampicillin ?

Answer 6

Ampicillin is works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall formation

Question 7

What is the biochemical mechanism of resistance to the Ampicllin ? (Quiz 2)

Answer 7

resistance bacteria have a gene produce the β-lactamase enzyme

Question 8

Compare to nuclear DNA, why is mitochondrial DNA particularly useful for studying badly degraded cell samples such as those used in forensic, anthropological and archeological studies ? (Quiz 2)

Answer 8

High copy number

or

Mitchondrial genome
1. Thousand of copies of single chromosome per cell
2. circular double stranded DNA
3. Inherited maternally

Question 9

What is the biochemical mechanism of resistance to the Kanamycin ?

Answer 9

1. Bacteriostatic
2. molecular efflux pump

Question 10

Describe the biochemical mechanism of Kanamycin ?

Answer 10

Interfers with translational fidelity by binding to the ribosome

Question 11

A buffer and magnesium are required in PCR. Name the other 4 esssential ingredients of PCR ?

Answer 11

DNA template , primer, dNTP, DNA polymerase

Question 12

For a PCR, you program a thermocycle (PCR machine ) to perform 30 cycles of 94 °C， 72°C， 60°C. Name each of these 3 temperture and describe what is happening ?

Answer 12

• Denaturing – for 94 °C, it seperates the strands of the template
• Annealing – for 60°C, primers bind to target DNA sequences
• Extension —for 72°C, DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA

Question 13

PV 92 +/- Alu PCR products from four individuals were run on an agarose gel (image). Number at the top of each lane represnet each individual.
a) What are the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2 ?

Answer 13

Individuals 1 is homozygous Alu -

Individuals 2 is heterozygous

Question 14

Define the terms
SNP, Insertion

Answer 14

SNP is single nucleotide polymorphism; subsititution of nucleotide

Insertion is a type of mutution where one or more nucleotide base pair are add into DNA sequence.

Question 14

If individuals 1,2 & 3 are all family member ( two parents and one child) , which one must be the parents ?

Answer 14

Parents is 1& 3

Question 15

What is hypothesis for the MTCR experiment ?

Answer 15

Mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription

Question 16

Which of the following types of mutation would we be able to identify by PCR followed by agarose gel eletrophoresis ? Which would required sequencing after PCR to identify this type of mutation? Explain why for each?

SNP and Insertion

Answer 16

SNP are change of only base pair

Insertion is increase the size of DNA fragment

Question 17

Use following alignment to answer the following questions.

A). What type of mutation is person in DNA of person E ?

B). What type of mutation is person in DNA of person D ?

C). Explain the difference that is only observed for person C, what does this nucleotide code mean? Can we be sure this is a mutation ? why or why not ?

Answer 17

A). single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

B). Deteltion

C). N instead of a regular nucleotide (A.T.G or C) , and N mean is unknown nucleotide.

We not sure because N often results sequencing error.

Question 18

What do we use restriction enzyme for in the lab ? What is their function in nature?

Answer 18

It using restriction enzymes method, such as EcoR1, they used to cut the DNA into smaller pieces.

Question 19

Following the image.

A). Name the chemical bond that is broken by this restriction enzyme.

Question 20

During the purification of the genomic DNA digest last week, what was the function of the last buffer we used? What property of this buffer allows this function?

Answer 20

It used elution buffer

it neutral pH allows DNA to elute

Question 21

What is the biochemical activity of restriction enzyme ? What is their function is nature ? Note. biochemical activity mean what reaction do they perform . not finish