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Ultrasound Physics > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the percentage of time the system is pulsing.

A

Duty Factor

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2
Q

__________ _______ have particle disturbance that is _____ to the direction of wave propagation.

A

Longitudinal Waves
parallel

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3
Q

If the number of scan lines increases, it ________ the frame rate

A

Slows down

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4
Q

As density increases, the speed of sound ________.

A

decreases

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5
Q

Color Doppler is processed using a ___________.

A

Autocorrelation

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6
Q

Sound travels fastest through _____.

A

Bone

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7
Q

The _________ _______ is a measure of the spread of frequencies in the plot.

A

Frequency bandwidth

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8
Q

________ _____ is a single gain control that increases amplification at all depths.

A

Overall gain

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9
Q

Units of frequencies and their prefixes in order of smaller to larger:

A

Cycle
Hz
kHz
Mhz

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10
Q

The purpose of damping material is to:

A

Shorten the pulse to improve axial resolution

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11
Q

The time it takes for one disturbance to repeat itself (from the start of one cycle to the start of the next cycle) is called ______.

A

Period

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12
Q

This parameter it is equal to the acoustical power, W, contained within the beam, divided by the beam area A: is ________.

A

I(SATA)

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13
Q

Three types of Doppler displays:

A

Spectral Doppler
color Doppler
power Doppler

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14
Q

Pulsed wave Doppler combined with gray-scale sonography is called ______ _______.

A

Duplex scanning

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15
Q

Prudent practice of sonography involves application of the ______ ______.

A

ALARA principle

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16
Q

Ultrasound produces a temperature rise as it ______________.

A

Propagates through tissues

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17
Q

Another name for the Frauhofer zone is ______.

A

Far zone

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18
Q

Ring-down artifact is a form of ________.

A

Reverberation

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19
Q

Beneficial artifacts include:

A

shadowing
enhancement

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20
Q

_________ demonstrates layers of fluid sliding over each other

A

Laminar flow

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21
Q

The difference between the emitted frequency and the echo frequency returning from a moving scatterer is known as _________.

A

Doppler shift

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22
Q

The _______ ________ relates the Doppler shift to the flow speed, frequency, and Doppler angle.

A

Doppler equation

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23
Q

Shape of the sound beam ________ as it extends into the far field

A

diverges

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24
Q

two elements are required for ______________________.

A

continuous wave imaging

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25
An ultrasound transducer element vibrates when...
electricity is applied
26
As frequency increases, it increases ________.
attenuation
27
_____ __________ yield the best image on the monitor.
Write magnification
28
The most commonly used element for ultrasound transducer is:
PZT-lead zirconate titanate
29
In a single-element transducer, additional beams not included in the ultrasound beam are called _____ ______.
Side lobes
30
Lateral resolution is equal to _____ ________.
Beam diameter
31
____ ______ is the minimum separation necessary to resolve reflectors along the scan line.
Axial resolution
32
Does the near zone length decreases with an increase in frequency?
No
33
A _________ image display would be seen when using a linear transducer.
Rectangular
34
20 kHz is equal to _______ Hz.
20,000 Hz
35
If beam power increases, intensity will ______.
Increase
36
Attenuation increases with increasing ____.
frequency
37
Impedance is equal to density multiplied by ____.
Propagation speed
38
The unit for impedance is _____.
Rayls
39
Can sound can travel through air, lung, bone, and a vacuum?
NO
40
A sector scan is shaped like ______.
A slice of pie
41
msec is a unit of _____.
Time
42
frequencies higher than the human ear can hear is _________
Ultrasound
43
factors determine the speed of sound are:
stiffness of the tissue elasticity of the tissue compressibility of the tissue density of the tissue
44
_____ ______ reduces the spatial pulse length.
Backing material
45
Is mm a unit for Impedance?
NO
46
Acoustic output is important when considering ______ & _________.
Bioeffects and safety
47
_____ _______ is important when considering bioeffects and safety.
Acoustic output
48
A change in direction of the sound beam at a tissue interface occurs when the following two conditions are present:
different propagation speeds non-perpendicular angle of incidence
49
the types of cavitation are:
stable cavitation: (transient inertial) cavitation
50
Beam refraction occurs when the following conditions are present:
non-perpendicular incidence different speed of sound
51
The Doppler effect is a ________
Change in echo frequency
52
A sector scan is shaped like a _______.
Slice of pie
53
Sonography is medical anatomic imaging using a__________.
Pulse echo technique
54
Frequency is the number of _____________.
Complete cycles per second
55
Sound requires ___________.
A medium through which to travel
56
The mechanical index (MI)is an indication for the likelyhood of:
Cavitation
57
Acoustic impedance values are determined by:
Speed of sound Density
58
The speed of sound in a medium is dependent on _______________.
Stiffness and Density
59
The percentage or fraction of time that the system transmits a pulse is called _______.
Duty factor
60
Power and intensity are __________ ______ related
Directly proportional
61
_______ is the unit for Power.
Watts
62
________ and ________ are descriptions of attenuation artifacts.
Shadowing Enhancement
63
Weakening of echoes distal to a strongly attenuating structure describes ________.
Shadowing
64
_______ is the appearance of Doppler information on the wrong side of the baseline.
Aliasing
65
Mirror image is commonly seen around ______.
Diaphragm
66
Mean Doppler shifts are displayed in _____ ______.
Color doppler
67
______ _____ _____ are displayed in Color Doppler.
Mean Doppler shifts
68
______ is the time it takes for one cycle to occur.
Period
69
Sonography is medical anatomic imaging using a _____ _____ ______.
Pulse echo technique
70
Frequency is ______ proportional to wavelength.
Inversely
71
Propagation speed is primarily determined by the ____________.
Stiffness of the media
72
Ultrasound pulses contain a range of frequencies called the _______.
Bandwidth
73
pressure density particle vibration are _______ ______.
Acoustic variables
74
The damping material is also known as _____ _____.
Backing material
75
The following are all ultrasound frequencies:
30,000.0 Hz 250.0 kHz 0.30 MHz
76
If frequency increases, period will _____.
Decrease
77
________ is the distance over which one cycle occurs.
Wavelength
78
______ ______ is the speed at which a wave travels through a medium.
Propagation speed
79
Matching layers are typically ______ the wavelength of the _______ ______.
1/4 Ultrasound beam
80
Z = pc is the equation for _______ ______.
Acoustic impedance
81
If the frequency of the transducer producing the sound wave is 500 Hertz, __________ is being produced.
Audible sound
82
The fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is on is called __________.
Duty factor
83
The rate at which energy passes through a unit area is called ______.
Intensity
84
As sound travels, the reduction in amplitude and intensity of the wave is called ________.
Attenuation
85
____ ________ refers to the minimum reflector spacing along the axis of an ultrasound sound beam that results in separate echoes on display.
Axial Resolution
86
Parameters of pulsed wave doppler are:
pulse duration pulse repetition period pulse repetition frequency Spl? duty factor
87
the term that means "bending of the beam" and is the the name of the associated law is refraction is related to _______.
Snell's law
88
If density increases impedance ______.
Increases
89
Absorption relates to ______.
Heating

Ultrasound Physics (30 decks)

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