Final Review Flashcards
(69 cards)
What is the difference between white collar crime and corporate crime?
white collar: committed by employees or professionals in the course of their occupation
corporate: white collar crime that is committed on behalf of a company
What is an example of white collar crime?
- Insider trading (i.e., stock manipulation with non-public knowledge)
- Misuse of corporate property
- Individual tax violations related to self dealing
- Fraud, embezzlement, money laundering
What is an example of corporate crime?
- Deceptive advertising
- Faulty manufacturing of dangerous products
- Patent violations
What is the shield of respectability?
“The privileged position of white-collar criminals before the law results to a slight extent from bribery and political pressure, principally from the respect in which they are held and without special effort on their part”
The privilege they have is a form of bribery and political pressure
What might be some reasons why there is a limited awareness of white collar crime?
- Policing is not designed to detect white collar crime
- Enforcement is often in the hands of professional associations/boards, not the criminal justice system
- Lack of systemic data collection and reporting
- Lack of funding in the academic world
What are two explanations of corporate crime?
Fear of failure:
- An individual-level strain explanation
- Each employee has certain responsibilities
- If unable to fulfill them, they may resort to crime
Culture conflict theory:
- A collective explanation
- An organization develops a deviant subculture
- Crime becomes a normal and possibly rewarded part of work activities
Review strain theory and culture conflict theory to effectively explain these.
What is Marxist Criminology?
- Explains social phenomena through class conflict
-Marxist Perspective: Willem Bonger “Criminality and Economic Conditions” - Obvious that crime is a response to capitalist exploitation
- High economic class = high criminal energy
- Control the punishment and laws, so there is less persecution of the bourgeoise
Explain the political economy of punishment?
- The situation of the labour market determines the dominant form of punishment
- High incarceration during tough economic times, in order to prevent the Marxist revolution
- Poor incarceration conditions increase during tough economic times, to reduce the desirability of prisons
How was punishment used during industrialization and colonialism?
Industrialization led to high unemployment, led to high incarceration, prisoners were kept busy with inefficient methods of work
Early colonists were convicts since they were willing to do manual labour and engage in warfare
Crime as resistance (explain the graffiti paper)
Marxists look for political consciousness is criminal behavior; section of strain theory (rebellion)
Strain theory when artists add political messages to their tagging or break up constricted spaces within the city,
Learning theory can be applied as artists learn within their community.
Self control theory through the adrenaline of breaking the law and spraying.
What is the chivalry hypothesis?
Men are unlikely to punish women, as they are socialized to protect women
What is the liberation hypothesis?
Women commit less crime as a result of oppressive socialization and control
Scholars are not as interested in what causes crime, but use crime as a parameter to measure the emancipation of women
What is power control theory? What were the main arguments
- The gender gap reflects different levels of parental surveillance and encouragement/discouragement of risk-taking
- The gender gap is more pronounced in patriarchal (unbalanced) families but less pronounced in egalitarian (balanced) families
- Whether families are balanced or unbalanced depends on the individual economic power of the father and mother
Describe the instrument-object relationship
Mothers play a higher instrument role, the object tie is strongest with their daughters
What factors explain the gender gap according to power control theory data?
The coefficient for gender is small once the other variables are included, explained by differences in maternal and paternal control and risk socialization
Where do the largest differences in crime occur with respect to race?
Highly segregated and unequal societies (i.e., USA, South Africa, Brazil)
Due to remnants of slavery
Race and class are highly connected in these societies
Efficient to focus on class here instead
What is the definition of ethnicity?
Ethnicity: belief in a shared origin and culture that distinguishes members from non-members.
- Voluntary to some extent, people want to identify with a specific group.
- Not always hierarchically structured, can be a horizontally distinction between people.
What is the definition of race?
Race: belief in fundamental biological differences between people, which are assumed to be visible (via skin colour, hair texture, facial structure, etc.)
- Involuntary, imposed on people on the basis of how they look.
- You cannot leave a racial group unless you can “pass”
- Always rooted in a sense of superiority among different races (if people are different from you it may be normal to dominate them, justifications of colonialism)
What are the assumptions about Blackness and criminality?
- Emerged out of justifications for slavery; Black people being viewed as subhuman and in need of control, supported by scientific racism
- This association leads to racial biases
- Racial segregation occurred due to fear of black people after slavery and racial disparities in offending
- Black people are policed, arrested, and incarcerated at a higher rate
Summarize the history of anti-Black policing (i.e., Maynard paper)
- Begins from slavery (runaway slave), labelling theory
- Restrictions on movement, overpolicing
- War on drugs
- Greater instances of police violence
- Sentencing and trial discrimination
- Higher incarceration rates
Describe the sources of ethno-racial disparity in crime?
- Labelling and bias (review theory)
- Class disadvantage and segregation
What are the trends in immigration and crime?
- Immigrants (including undocumented) less criminal than native born
- Criminality increases with generations (approaching native born)
- Immigrants spill over their characteristics into neighbourhoods (i.e., promote low crime)
Why do immigrants have lower crime rates?
First gen:
- strong family ties, commitment to education
- those who leave their home country, wont seek crime
- immigrants are likely to have high education, hardworking, etc (high self control)
- belief that they will make it in legit ways, long term prosperity
- More acculturated = more crime (immigrants absorb crime from the local context)
Second gen:
- strong social family bonds, parents are invested in success
What is the impact of concentrated disadvantage on immigrant crime?
As neighbourhood concentrated disadvantage increases:
first gen: crime decrease
second gen: crime constant
third gen: crime increases
generational strain leads to more crime.
