Final Review Flashcards

Question

Gestalt properties of object perception (6)

Answer 1

whole > parts 1) closure 2) proximity 3) symmetry 4) continuity 5) figure-ground 6) common fate pics on google doc*

Answer 2

perceives mismatch b/w sounds & visual movements of mouth; "ba" vs. "va"

Answer 3

Stages of sleep (4): 1) Falling asleep (NREM 1) = theta waves 2) Light sleep (NREM 2) = light sleep, sleep spindles (very high intensity brain waves) 3) NREM 3 , 20-25% of sleep = greater muscle relaxation and delta waves 4) REM Brain activity = same as wakefulness Dreams during this stage are vivid

Answer 4

1) Muscles relaxed 2) Rapid eye movements 3) Dreams

Answer 5

1) Conservation 2) Restoration 3) Memory consolidation/neural synthesis

Answer 6

1) Insomnia * difficulty in falling or staying asleep 2) Sleep Apnea * a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep 3) Narcolepsy * a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities 4) Sleep Paralysis * the experience of waking up unable to move 5) Night Terrors * abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal * It is a non-REM parasomnia, occurring during slow wave sleep 6) Somnambulism (sleep walking) * Also a non-REM parasomnia (2-14% of children) 7) REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) * Disorder in which people act out their dreams

Answer 7

1) Id (devil) - “dumb,” driven by instinct, present from birth –does not distinguish between reality and fantasy –operates according to the pleasure principle 2) Ego (soul) develops out of the id in infancy –understands reality and logic –mediator between id and superego 3) Superego (angel) –internalization of society’s moral standards –responsible for guilt

Answer 8

Oral Stage (Birth - 1 Year) * Mouth --> sexual pleasure * Weaning a child --> fixation if incorrect * Fixation --> personality characterized by passivity, gullibility, immaturity, and unrealistic optimism. Anal Stage (1 - 3 Years) * Anus --> pleasure * Toilet training --> fixation if incorrect * Fixation --> retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood, or a personality characterized by compulsiveness, such as a person too concerned with neatness and order. - anal retentive Phallic Stage (3 - 5 Years) * genitals --> pleasure * Oedipus complex (boys) or Electra complex (girls) occurs * Fixation --> excessive masculinity in males; need for attention or domination in females (“penis envy”) Latency Stage (5 - Puberty) *Sexuality repressed *Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships, --> pleasure Genital Stage (Puberty On) *Sexual feelings re-emerge & oriented toward others *Sexuality is consensual & adult, rather than solitary and infantile *Healthy adults find pleasure --> love & work *Fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages

Answer 9

Sensory Memory (like a “buffer”) * Unattended information is quickly lost Short-term Memory (like RAM)/Working Memory * Unrehearsed information is quickly lost Long-term Memory (permanent(ish) storage) * Information is lost over time

Answer 10

test w/ 2 messages sent to each ear --> selective attention: repeats 1 of 2 (the one focused on)

Answer 11

brain filters out info it feels is unimportant in moment, causing failure to notice unexpected things in visual field because focus is on something else in that same field of view (balloon in air that passes by, everyone else sees but u)

Answer 12

initial (first few) and recent (last few) most recalled easily

Answer 13

- study in same room as exam - words on land vs water; recalled better where they learned them

Answer 14

1. Habituation (non-associative) - repeated exposure --> fire station siren get used to 2. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning (associative) US --> food UR--> salivate CS --> bell CR --> salivate 3. Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning (associative) organisms learn the relationships between actions and rewards/punishments + reinforcement --> reinforcer increases behavior - -reinforcement --> reward by REMOVING bad thing punishment --> negative consequence to unwanted behavior

Answer 15

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction. Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning. (if reintroduce bell with food again, will recover CR)

Answer 16

stimuli similar to CS cause CR; dissimilar --> less likely (ex. candy and phone call)

Answer 17

When You Only Need Once To Learn - Taste Aversion Garcia (1955) found rats given sweetened water, then exposed to radiation (to induce nausea) avoided sweet water after only one trial important: - Organisms are biologically prepared to learn this association

Answer 18

informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions in a social group or culture

Answer 19

Motivation to act * Physiological arousal * Subjective feeling * Changes in thought * Changes in expression (body and face)

Answer 20

- across wide variety of cultures - early in life - across species - does not require a lot of learning/input

Answer 21

lot of agreement, went to isolated place and found same thing without learning

Answer 22

Emotional valuation is the process of extracting emotions from our evaluations of events - - southerners more violent to insult - Japanese --> less expressive AMerican --> more expressive - Russian value negative emotion

Answer 23

two individuals must independently choose between defection (maximizing reward to the SELF) and cooperation (maximizing reward to the GROUP).

Answer 24

A situation in which one or more individuals benefit from a common-pool resource without paying their share of the cost.

Answer 25

When deciding whether to help a person in need, knowing that there are others who could also provide assistance relieves bystanders of some measure of personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood that bystanders will intervene.

Answer 26

The ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another person. 1) reduced skin conductance response (SCR)) 2) impaired startle response 3) abnormal conditioned fear response 4) behaviorally inhibited temperament reduced amygdala volume 5) Dont learn well from mistakes

Answer 27

Consequentialism = a decision is morally correct if and only if it brings about better consequences. Deontology = a decision is morally correct if it adheres to principles (such as “do not harm innocent people”)

Answer 28

The Piagetian task in which infants below about 9 months of age fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for the object, act as if they do not know that it continues to exist.

Answer 29

Problems pioneered by Piaget in which physical transformation of an object or set of objects changes a perceptually salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about.

Answer 30

- neglected role of social & cultural factors - underestimated children’s abilities - stages of development are not fixed & universal

Answer 31

Model of human behavior that suggests that humans try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations.

Answer 32

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions. Anchoring-->first piece of info recieved framing--> people react differently to a particular decision depending on how it’s presented/framed

Answer 33

system 1 = Our intuitive decision-making system, which is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, and emotional. System 2 = Our more deliberative decision-making system, which is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical.

Answer 34

if event has occurred more frequently than expected --> less likely to happen again in the future (bball player making hoops in a row)

Answer 35

pareidolia

Answer 36

tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories Motivated skepticism = cognitive bias where people apply more skepticism to claims that they don't like or intuitively disbelieve than to claims that they do like (work hard to disapprove)

Answer 37

singular dimension (one thing) --> "g"; intelligence is general

Answer 38

fluid --> ability to learn and adapt crytalized: dependent on culture and LEARNING

Answer 39

avg: 100 68% wide (34 each) next is 14% ea side 2% each side >1% each side

Answer 40

people tend to outperform the original sample from years ago on which the test was normed; rising IQ. IQ tests periodically revised + standardized (same test dif generation, took time)

Answer 41

coud, but not how much

Answer 42

- nutrition in breatmilk, reading, preschool, instrument learning in EARLY childhood only

Answer 43

O penness to experience (those high on this trait are tolerant, intellectually curious, imaginative, and artistic), C onscientiousness (those high on this trait are responsible, cautious, organized, disciplined, and achievement-oriented) E xtraversion (high scorers are friendly, assertive, outgoing, cheerful, and energetic) A greeableness (high scorers are polite, considerate, cooperative, honest, and trusting) N euroticism (those high on this trait are prone to feeling sad, worried, anxious, and dissatisfied with themselves)

Answer 44

most important differences b/w people will be encoded in the language that we use to describe people. Therefore, if we want to know which personality traits are most important, we can look to the LANGUAGE that people use to describe themselves and others.

Answer 45

reliable --> repeated (4 pins in row) valid --> acceptable (pins not in lane --> invalid)

Answer 46

Absolute Stability consistency over TIME * more extraverted, agreeable, and conscientious * less neurotic, less open to experience over lifetime Differential Stability stability compared to others, RANK-ORDER Extraversion, Conscientiousness MOST STABLE

Answer 47

1. Projective Tests Strategy: have people interpret ambiguous stimuli as a window into their personality *Assumption: people will reveal hidden aspects of personality such as motives, wishes, and unconscious conflicts (inkblot, TAT, house drawing) NOT VALID or RELIABLE 2. Objective Tests * Primarily questionnaire measures * Big 5 measures both RELIABLE & VALID * Stable over many years * Predicts real-world behavior

Answer 48

people willing to administer shocks to people when ordered authoritatively; less people willing the higher the shock

Answer 49

group polarization attitude polarization --> disagreements b/w 2 people becomes more exaggerated after talking

Answer 50

less you know, easier to overestimate how good you are people with limited competence in a particular domain OVERESTIMATE their abilities

Answer 51

many people overestimate abilities, believe they do above average work, overconfident (e.g. leadership skills, when will finish assignment)

Answer 52

fundamental attribution error

Answer 53

Ex: attitude consciously held and can be reported on by the person holding the attitude. Im: attitude person cannot verbally or overtly state. measured -- IAT

Answer 54

Changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm. showed how a person's opinions are affected and changed by the group they are in, even when the group is wrong or the facts are obvious. -- which line is longer, group said obviously wrong answer, so most answered wrong

Answer 55

1) incongruity --> incongruity b/w expected and happens 2) superiority --> better than butt of joke 3) tensions release 4) mock/play aggression* BEST EXPLANATION*

Answer 56

- rewarding; feels good - reduces stress - decreases muscle tension - increases positive immune markers - less increase in blood sugar postmeal - reduces anger/depression (best medicine)

Answer 57

Affective/Emotional: happy these days? Cognitive: satisfied with life?

Answer 58

Happiness increases with income but only at lower to middle levels of income, once an individual reaches higher levels of income there are diminishing returns (extra: spending $ on people makes you happier)

Answer 59

1) interact w people, even strangers 2) be in moment 3) favor relative over absolute (everyone equal rather than you better or worse) 4) Experiences over stuff 5) Spend $ on others 6) Peaks and Ends (pain better when reduced at end rather than sudden stop) 7) Religion 8) Be grateful 9) act happy/smile

Answer 60

allows us to return to a baseline level of happiness or satisfaction after experiencing positive or negative events (car crash, paralyzation) - we're good adaptors

Answer 61

1. What You Believe Changes What You Taste 2. Blushing Is Likely An Adaptive Signal 3. Our Musical Tastes Are Set (On Average) At 13 (For Girls) &14 (For Boys) 4. Pain Caused Intentionally Feels More Painful 5. Taste Sensitivity Is Related To Political Orientation

Answer 62

fear conditioning

Answer 63

Binocular disparity

Answer 64

Convergence

Answer 65

ponzo illusion

Answer 66

muller lyer illusion

Answer 67

motion parallax

Answer 68

linguistic relativity (sapir-whorf)

Answer 69

bottom-up processing

Answer 70

Top-down processing

Answer 71

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 72

Diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

Answer 73

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 74

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 75

fixed = every/fixed variable = unpredictable interval = time ratio = # of

Answer 76

rat in box with levers to gain reward (food) to avoid punishment (shock)

Answer 77

happiness best recognized emotion

Answer 78

is DOES NOT = ought (evolution, sexual assault)

Answer 79

1) retest reliability (later IQ tests) 2) educational achievement 3) health outcomes 4) death

Answer 80

multiple intelligences